In this study, we examined the effects of multiple reference pitch sources on collegiate singers’ accuracy in pitch-matching and intonation tasks. We also investigated which reference pitch source participants preferred and for what reasons. Participants (N = 99) sang a two-measure excerpt of Joseph Dearest, Joseph Mine after listening to the starting pitch of A on a pitch pipe, the piano, a vocal hum, or a tuning fork in two conditions. For one tuning fork condition, participants’ starting pitch was an A, the same pitch as the tuning fork. For the other tuning fork condition, their starting pitch was a G, a different pitch than the tuning fork. We selected two pitches for analysis, each corresponding to the first syllable of the word Joseph. We then analyzed pitch deviation of the two target notes from the reference pitch in each condition. Participants were most accurate in response to the piano and least accurate in response to the tuning fork when their starting pitch was a G. Participants expressed preference for the piano (37.12%) as their pitch source, followed closely by the pitch pipe (33.33%).

中文翻译：

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音源对大学歌手音调匹配和语调准确度的影响

在这项研究中，我们研究了多个参考音高源对大学歌手在音高匹配和语调任务中的准确性的影响。我们还调查了参与者更喜欢哪些参考音高源以及出于什么原因。参与者 (N = 99) 在两种条件下聆听了音高管、钢琴、人声或音叉上的 A 的起始音高后，演唱了 Joseph Dearest, Joseph Mine 的两小节摘录。对于一种音叉条件，参与者的起始音高为 A，与音叉的音高相同。对于其他音叉条件，它们的起始音高是 G，与音叉的音高不同。我们选择了两个音高进行分析，每个音高都对应于单词 Joseph 的第一个音节。然后我们分析了每个条件下两个目标音符与参考音高的音高偏差。