Gross domestic product (GDP) has come under criticism as the only objective that countries should pursue for societal well-being. In this paper we apply an innovative Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach for including two other pillars including an environmental dimension, reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and social efforts for employment, health and education. By linking together three DEA models, we model a global technology that combines the objectives of the three pillars. Finally, by weighting each of them by different schemes, we illustrate the practicality of our approach to analyze policy trade-offs among economic, environmental, and social objectives.

中文翻译：

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可持续性三大支柱的绩效分析

国内生产总值（GDP）被批评为各国追求社会福祉的唯一目标。在本文中，我们采用了创新的数据包络分析（DEA）方法，其中包括两个其他方面，包括环境方面，减少二氧化碳（CO ₂）排放以及为就业，健康和教育做出的社会努力。通过将三个DEA模型链接在一起，我们对结合了三个支柱目标的全球技术进行了建模。最后，通过用不同的方案对它们进行加权，我们说明了分析经济，环境和社会目标之间的政策取舍的方法的实用性。