In this article, we discuss passive se constructions in Romanian and Spanish. We argue that there is a projected implicit external argument in passive se constructions in both languages based on an available inalienable possession interpretation of body parts. These constructions, however, differ from each other in one important way: Romanian passive se allows a ‘by’-phrase, while Spanish passive se shows severe restrictions. Moreover, we illustrate that in Old Spanish, passive se freely allowed ‘by’-phrases. Thus, Modern Romanian reflects an earlier stage of Spanish. We propose a linguistic cycle to explain these differences, where Spanish and Romanian are at different stages of that cycle. The approach offers an explanation for a general pattern within Romance, where ‘by’-phrases are initially grammatical with passive se, but then become ungrammatical over time, a pattern to date that has not yet been explained. It also offers a thereotical account for why some languages do not develop passive se constructions.

中文翻译：

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罗马尼亚语和西班牙语中的被动 se：主题循环

在这篇文章中，我们讨论被动瑟罗马尼亚语和西班牙语的建筑。我们认为在被动中存在一个隐含的外部论点瑟两种语言的结构都基于对身体部位的不可剥夺的占有解释。然而，这些结构在一个重要方面彼此不同：罗马尼亚被动语态瑟允许使用“by”短语，而西班牙语被动瑟显示出严格的限制。此外，我们说明在古西班牙语中，被动瑟自由允许的“by”短语。因此，现代罗马尼亚语反映了西班牙语的早期阶段。我们提出了一个语言周期来解释这些差异，其中西班牙语和罗马尼亚语处于该周期的不同阶段。该方法为浪漫中的一般模式提供了解释，其中“by”短语最初是语法的，带有被动的瑟，但随着时间的推移变得不合语法，这是迄今为止尚未解释的模式。它还为为什么某些语言不发展被动提供了理论解释瑟建筑。