This article considers the contribution of comparative empirical research in shaping best practice norms for custodial legal advice, and helping to address challenges in their implementation. It traces the role of ECtHR decisions and EU Directives in developing transnational norms to strengthen suspects’ right to legal assistance. Recognizing how these norms are translated into the national context, it considers the value of comparative empirical and socio‐legal research in helping to develop legislative and training measures; how roles and responsibilities are shared out in different legal systems and traditions; and practical arrangements that facilitate or inhibit the effectiveness of custodial legal advice in practice. There is a tension between framing transnational norms that are sufficiently universal to attract support, without being so broad as to lack any transformational force, and sufficiently detailed to ensure respect for core protections without imposing legal requirements too rigid and difficult to be absorbed into diverse processes of criminal justice.

中文翻译：

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普遍规范的挑战：在不同司法管辖区和法律文化中确保有效的辩护权

本文考虑了比较经验研究在制定监管法律建议的最佳实践规范方面的贡献，并帮助应对了实施中的挑战。它追溯了ECtHR决定和欧盟指令在制定跨国规范以加强嫌疑人获得法律援助权方面的作用。认识到这些规范是如何转化为国情的，它考虑了经验和社会法律比较研究在帮助制定立法和培训措施方面的价值；如何在不同的法律制度和传统中分担角色和责任；以及在实践中促进或抑制保管法律咨询的有效性的实际安排。制定足以普遍获得支持的跨国规范之间存在紧张关系，