In three studies (total N = 239) we examined the unexplored question of whether voice conveying sexual orientation elicits stigma and discrimination in the context of adoption. Studies 1 and 2 were conducted in Italy where same-sex adoption is illegal and controversial. Study 3 was conducted in the United Kingdom where same-sex adoption is legal and generally more accepted. The three studies show that listeners draw strong inferences from voice when judging hypothetical adoption seekers. Both Italian and British listeners judged gay-sounding speakers as warmer and as having better parenting skills, yet Italian participants consistently preferred straight over gay-sounding applicants, whereas British participants showed an opposite tendency, presumably reflecting the different normative context in the two countries. We conclude that vocal cues may have culturally distinct effects on judgment and decision making and that people with gay-sounding voices may face discrimination in adoption procedures in countries with antigay norms.

中文翻译：

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听起来同性恋的社会成本：收养申请人的基于声音的印象

在三项研究（总 N = 239）中，我们研究了一个未探索的问题，即表达性取向的声音是否会在收养环境中引起耻辱和歧视。研究 1 和 2 是在意大利进行的，在那里同性收养是非法的且有争议的。研究 3 是在英国进行的，在英国，同性收养是合法的，而且通常更容易被接受。这三项研究表明，在判断假设的领养寻求者时，听众会从声音中得出强有力的推论。意大利和英国的听众都认为说同性恋的人更热情，而且有更好的育儿技巧，但意大利的参与者始终更喜欢直言不讳的申请者，而英国的参与者则表现出相反的趋势，这可能反映了两国不同的规范背景。