In August 2018, what appears to be a draft statement to be delivered by United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo on the persecution of the Rohingya minority in Myanmar was leaked to the press. The text suggests that the State Department was considering whether there are grounds to believe that genocide has been, or is being, committed in Myanmar and whether the State Department should issue a statement to this effect. This article surveys the major human rights documentation efforts, academic literature, relevant jurisprudence emanating from the international criminal tribunals, statements of United Nations entities and other states, the results of the State Department’s recent empirical investigation, party and amicus curiae briefs filed before the International Criminal Court, and journalistic accounts of events in Myanmar, Bangladesh, and elsewhere in the region with an eye towards understanding the dynamics of violence against the Rohingya ç deemed by many to be ‘the most persecuted minority in the world’. The article layers the facts as we know them against established legal principles to conclude that a genocide is in fact underway in Myanmar through genocidal acts committed by discrete sets of actors (including various state organs, the Tatmadaw-Army, regional and local officials, and Rakhine civilians) and also by way of a genocide writ large against the Rohingya within Rakhine State involving the central authorities working in collusion with, and through, regional actors. This article closes with a discussion of the methodological question of the level of certainty that should be met before a non-judicial entity makes such a determination with reference to the various standards employed by commissions of inquiry and courts (both criminal and civil) that find themselves making analogous determinations. Leah Kaplan Visiting Professor in Human Rights, Stanford Law School. Many thanks to Todd Buchwald, Anna Cave, Kate Cronin-Furman, Lee Andrew Feinstein, Andrea Gittleman, Azeem Ibrahim, Naomi Kikoler, Juan Mendes, Diane Orentlicher, Stephen J. Rapp, and Jane Stromseth for their valuable comments on this project. [bethvs@stanford.edu] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Journal of International Criminal Justice 17 (2019), 285^323 doi:10.1093/jicj/mqz008 TheAuthor(s) (2019). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com Advance Access publication 26 June 2019 D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /jicj/article-at/17/2/285/5523697 by gest on 19 Agust 2019

中文翻译：

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确定缅甸种族灭绝委员会

2018 年 8 月，美国国务卿迈克·蓬佩奥 (Mike Pompeo) 就缅甸罗兴亚少数民族遭受迫害发表的声明草案被泄露给媒体。案文表明，国务院正在考虑是否有理由相信缅甸已经或正在发生种族灭绝，以及国务院是否应就此发表声明。本文调查了主要的人权文献工作、学术文献、来自国际刑事法庭的相关判例、联合国实体和其他国家的声明、国务院最近的实证调查结果、提交给国际刑事法庭的政党和法庭之友简报。刑事法庭，以及缅甸、孟加拉国、以及该地区的其他地方，着眼于了解针对被许多人视为“世界上受迫害最严重的少数群体”的罗兴亚人的暴力动态。这篇文章将我们所知的事实与既定的法律原则进行了分层，得出的结论是，缅甸实际上正在通过不同的行为者（包括各种国家机关、缅军、地区和地方官员以及若开邦平民），并通过一项针对若开邦内罗兴亚人的大屠杀令状，涉及中央当局与地区行为者勾结并通过地区行为者合作。本文最后讨论了在非司法实体做出此类决定之前应满足的确定性水平的方法论问题，并参考了调查委员会和法院（刑事和民事）采用的各种标准，这些标准发现自己做出类似的决定。Leah Kaplan 人权访问教授，斯坦福大学法学院。非常感谢 Todd Buchwald、Anna Cave、Kate Cronin-Furman、Lee Andrew Feinstein、Andrea Gittleman、Azeem Ibrahim、Naomi Kikoler、Juan Mendes、Diane Orentlicher、Stephen J. Rapp 和 Jane Stromseth 对本项目的宝贵意见。[bethvs@stanford.edu]。. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 国际刑事司法杂志 17 (2019), 285^323 doi:10.1093/jicj/mqz008 TheAuthor(s) (2019)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。如需许可，请发送电子邮件至：journals.permissions@oup.com Advance Access 出版物 2019 年 6 月 26 日 Dow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /jicj/article-at/17/2/285/5523697 八月 19 2019年