This paper investigates three verbs expressing necessity in the three West Germanic languages: Dutchhoeven, Englishneed, and Germanbrauchen. These three verbs are all categorized as negative polarity items(npis). However, there are differences in their distribution as NPIs, which posit Germanbrauchenbetween Englishneedand Dutchhoeven.By analyzing two factors that may influence acquisition, namely, opacity and input frequency, this paper moreover presents a similar pattern for the acquisition of these NPIs: The Dutch NPIhoevenemerges earlier in child language than its German counterpart, which in turn arises earlier than the English NPIneed.

中文翻译：

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论西日耳曼语“需要”-动词的分布和习得：介于荷兰语和英语之间的德语

本文研究了三种西日耳曼语中表达必要性的三个动词：荷兰语霍文， 英语需要, 和德语布劳兴. 这三个动词都归类为负极性项目(npi). 但是，它们作为 NPI 的分布存在差异，即德国布劳兴英语之间需要和荷兰语霍文。通过分析可能影响获取的两个因素，即不透明度和输入频率，本文还提出了这些 NPI 获取的类似模式： The Dutch NPI霍文儿童语言出现的时间早于德语，而德语出现的时间早于英语 NPI需要.