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Investigating Cohort Similarity as an Ex Ante Alternative to Patent Forward Citations
Journal of Empirical Legal Studies ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-11-22 , DOI: 10.1111/jels.12237
Jonathan H. Ashtor

Forward citations are arguably the most widely used empirical metric for patents, including as indicators of patent information content, cumulative innovation, value, and knowledge flows. However, forward citations have major shortcomings. Citations require long time horizons to accrue, and therefore they cannot be observed until several years after a patent issues. Citation data are often noisy, discontinuous, and highly skewed, complicating empirical analysis. Moreover, recent studies have questioned the reliability of citation data. As such, the most widely used empirical metric of patents is also the most suspect. This study constructs a measure of patents that correlates with forward citations, but is observable ex ante, immediately upon patent issuance or even earlier upon publication of a patent application. In addition, this measure is continuous and evenly distributed, such that it is suitable for large‐scale patent analytics applications. Finally, unlike citations, the measure is portable across patent systems, facilitating cross‐border comparisons of portfolios and datasets. Specifically, I construct a measure of the similarity of a patent to its technological‐temporal cohort, based on linguistic analysis of claim text. I employ advanced computational linguistic techniques to analyze the claims of all U.S. patents issued in the period 1976–2017, over 6 million patents in total, and I calculate the average degree of conceptual similarity of each patented invention to all others in the same technology field and time period cohort. I then extend the methodology to all issued EP patents, over 1.6 million in total. I validate the resulting measures against multiple established patent metrics for U.S. and EP patents. I test the robustness of this measure as a forecast for future patent citations in empirical research and big‐data applications. I find that cohort similarity correlates significantly with forward citations received by both U.S. and EP patents. Cohort similarity also substitutes for citations in leading prior studies of R&D output and innovation. Finally, I demonstrate that, unlike citations, cohort similarity is comparable across the U.S. and EP patent systems. Accordingly, cohort similarity may be useful for empirical patent research, comparative studies of patent policy, and analytics of large‐scale patent portfolios.

中文翻译:

研究同类群组作为专利前引证的事前替代方法

正向引用可以说是专利使用最广泛的经验指标,包括作为专利信息内容,累积创新,价值和知识流的指标。但是,正向引用有主要缺点。引用需要很长一段时间才能积累,因此要等到专利发布几年后才能观察到。引文数据通常是嘈杂的,不连续的和高度偏斜的,从而使经验分析变得复杂。此外,最近的研究质疑了引文数据的可靠性。因此,最广泛使用的专利经验指标也是最令人怀疑的。这项研究构建了与正向引用相关的专利措施,但是在专利发布后立即或更早在专利申请公布后就可以事前观察到。此外,此度量是连续且均匀分布的,因此适用于大规模专利分析应用程序。最后,与引用不同的是,该方法可在专利系统中移植,从而促进投资组合和数据集的跨境比较。具体来说,我根据对权利要求文本的语言分析,构建了一项专利与其技术时态队列的相似性度量。我采用先进的计算语言技术来分析1976-2017年期间所有美国专利的权利要求,总计超过600万件专利,并且我计算了同一技术领域中每项专利发明与所有其他专利在概念上的平均相似度和时间段队列。然后,我将该方法扩展到所有已发行的EP专利中,总共超过160万个。我针对针对美国和欧洲专利的多个既定专利指标验证了所得出的衡量标准。我测试了该措施的稳健性,以此作为对实证研究和大数据应用中未来专利引用的预测。我发现同类群组的相似性与美国和EP专利都收到的正向引用密切相关。同类研究在先前有关研发产出和创新的领先研究中也替代了引用。最后,我证明,与引用不同,同类相似度在美国和欧洲专利体系中是可比的。因此,队列相似性可能对经验专利研究,专利政策的比较研究以及大规模专利组合的分析有用。我测试了该措施的稳健性,以此作为对实证研究和大数据应用中未来专利引用的预测。我发现同类群组的相似性与美国和EP专利都收到的正向引用密切相关。同类研究在先前有关研发产出和创新的领先研究中也替代了引用。最后,我证明,与引用不同,同类相似度在美国和欧洲专利体系中是可比的。因此,队列相似性可能对经验专利研究,专利政策的比较研究以及大规模专利组合的分析有用。我测试了该措施的稳健性,以此作为对实证研究和大数据应用中未来专利引用的预测。我发现同类群组的相似性与美国和EP专利都收到的正向引用密切相关。同类研究在先前有关研发产出和创新的领先研究中也替代了引用。最后,我证明,与引用不同,同类相似度在美国和欧洲专利体系中是可比的。因此,队列相似性可能对经验专利研究,专利政策的比较研究以及大规模专利组合的分析有用。同类研究在先前有关研发产出和创新的领先研究中也替代了引用。最后,我证明,与引用不同,同类相似度在美国和欧洲专利体系中是可比的。因此,队列相似性可能对经验专利研究,专利政策的比较研究以及大规模专利组合的分析有用。同类研究在先前有关研发产出和创新的领先研究中也替代了引用。最后,我证明,与引用不同,同类相似度在美国和欧洲专利体系中是可比的。因此,队列相似性可能对经验专利研究,专利政策的比较研究以及大规模专利组合的分析有用。
更新日期:2019-11-22
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