Productivity across European regions is related to three types of networks that mediate R&D-related knowledge spillovers: trade, co-patenting and geographical proximity. Both our panel and instrumental variable estimations for European regions suggest that network relations are crucial sources of R&D spillovers, but with potentially different features. Both import and co-patenting relations affect local productivity directly, but spillovers from innovation-leading regions are effective only when they are import-mediated and when recipient regions have a solid knowledge base. From a policy perspective, this may frustrate recent European policy initiatives, such as Smart Specialization, which are designed to benefit all regions in Europe.

中文翻译：

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在溢出和沸腾之间：网络介导的溢出、欧洲地区的本地知识库和生产力

欧洲地区的生产力与调节研发相关知识溢出的三种类型的网络有关：贸易、共同专利和地理邻近。我们对欧洲地区的面板和工具变量估计都表明，网络关系是研发溢出的重要来源，但具有潜在的不同特征。进口和共同专利关系都直接影响当地生产力，但创新领先地区的溢出效应只有在进口中介和受援地区拥有坚实的知识基础时才有效。从政策角度来看，这可能会挫败最近旨在使欧洲所有地区受益的欧洲政策举措，例如智能专业化。