By comparison with other areally- and typologically-related languages, the Vietnamese language disposes of a large and diverse set of (non-affixal) grammatical particles: these display interesting parallels with functional heads in familiar Western European languages. Most of these grammatical morphemes are ‘multifunctional’ in the sense that their meaning is largely—in some cases, exclusively—determined by their clausal distribution; alternatively, by their configurational relationship to other grammatical morphemes. In this paper, I document the distribution of these particles, working down the clausal spine. I also present a set of analyses of those cases where particles interact with one another, with each group considered in its own terms. Following this presentation, some broader implications of these analyses are briefly considered: it is suggested that a more satisfactory explanation of Vietnamese grammar can be found if it is assumed that grammatical meaning inheres in syntax, rather than in lexical representations.

中文翻译：

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关于越南语的哪些项目

通过与其他与地区和类型相关的语言进行比较，越南语处理了大量（非附加的）语法粒子集：与熟悉的西欧语言中的功能性首字母相似。这些语法语素大多数是“多功能的”，因为它们的含义在很大程度上（取决于某些情况）完全由其从句的分布所决定。或者，通过它们与其他语法语素的构型关系。在本文中，我记录了这些粒子的分布情况，并研究了clausal脊柱。我还对粒子相互影响的情况进行了一组分析，每组均以各自的术语考虑。在本次演讲之后，将简要考虑这些分析的一些更广泛的含义：