The creative and cultural industries have been growing faster than traditional industries over the last few decades. In Brazil, reports by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics show more a growth of gross output and value added greater than a 30% between 2003–2005 and 2007–2010. This paper aims to evaluate how three mechanisms, specialization, urbanization, and production structure externalities, impact the formal cultural employment growth rate in Brazilian municipalities between 2006 and 2016. We employ spatial econometric models to capture both the direct and indirect effects from these externalities. The main results show that specialization has mixed effects in explaining the growth of formal cultural employment in Brazil. Urbanization and diversification of production structure, in turn, are positive associated with formal cultural employment in Brazil. However, differently than the empirical literature for Europe and North America, we find no evidence of spatial spillover effects in the Brazilian case.

中文翻译：

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巴西城市的文化就业增长

在过去的几十年里，创意和文化产业的增长速度超过了传统产业。在巴西，巴西地理与统计研究所的报告显示，2003-2005 年和 2007-2010 年间，总产出和附加值的增长超过 30%。本文旨在评估专业化、城市化和生产结构外部性这三种机制如何影响 2006 年至 2016 年巴西直辖市的正规文化就业增长率。我们采用空间计量模型来捕捉这些外部性的直接和间接影响。主要结果表明，专业化在解释巴西正规文化就业增长方面具有混合效应。城市化和生产结构多样化，反过来，与巴西的正规文化就业呈正相关。然而，与欧洲和北美的实证文献不同，我们在巴西案例中没有发现空间溢出效应的证据。