Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

The main goal of this paper is to analyse how social factors determine the degree of occurrence of intonational features of Basque in Spanish in the Basque Country (i.e. Basque Spanish).

Design/methodology/approach:

We concentrate on information-seeking yes/no questions. In Castilian Spanish, these end in a rising contour, whereas in Basque they end in a rising–falling contour. The data were gathered through sociolinguistic interviews with 12 speakers of Basque Spanish with different linguistic profiles: monolingual Spanish; first language Spanish–second language Basque; and L1 Basque–L2 Spanish.

Data and analysis:

172 information-seeking yes/no interrogatives were obtained from conversational speech. Their final intonational contours were annotated in the Spanish Tone and Break Index model of intonational analysis.

Findings/conclusions:

79% of all information-seeking yes/no questions had final configurations with a rising–falling circumflex contour. Only 21% had the final rising contour of Castilian Spanish. Speakers differed in their frequency of occurrence of falling contours, but the differences did not correlate with the speakers’ linguistic profile (monolingual vs bilingual). Rather, higher percentages of yes/no questions ending in a falling contour were found among speakers who had (a) a higher degree of contact with the Basque ethnolinguistic group, and (b) more positive attitudes towards the Basque language and the Basque ethnolinguistic group.

Originality:

Methodologically, this study is original because the intonational analysis is carried out on natural speech rather than on read or elicited speech. This study is also original from a theoretical point of view because it is the first one to underline the role that subjective factors such as linguistic attitudes play in the adoption of features of a language variety from another contact variety.

Significance/implications:

Our research opens up a path to continue investigating the weight of subjective social factors such as linguistic attitudes in explaining the variation in the influence of one language variety over another.

中文翻译：

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社会因素对巴斯克人接触西班牙韵律的影响

目的和宗旨/目的/研究问题：

本文的主要目的是分析社会因素如何决定巴斯克地区西班牙语（即巴斯克西班牙语）的巴斯克民族特征的发生程度。

设计/方法/方法：

我们专注于寻求信息的是/否问题。在卡斯蒂利亚西班牙文中，这些词以上升的轮廓结束，而在巴斯克语中，它们以上升-下降的轮廓结尾。数据是通过对12位巴斯克西班牙语的具有不同语言背景的演讲者进行社会语言访谈而收集的。第一语言是西班牙语-第二语言是巴斯克语；L1巴斯克语-L2西班牙语。

数据与分析：

会话语音获得了172项寻求信息的“是/否”疑问句。他们的最终国际轮廓在国际分析的西班牙音调和断裂指数模型中进行了注释。

结果/结论：

在所有寻求信息的“是/否”问题中，有79％的最终配置带有回旋轮廓的上升和下降趋势。卡斯蒂利亚西班牙语的最终上升轮廓只有21％。说话者出现下降轮廓的频率不同，但是这些差异与说话者的语言特征（单语和双语）无关。而是，在（a）与巴斯克民族语言群体的接触程度更高，以及（b）对巴斯克语言和巴斯克民族语言群体的态度更积极的说话者中，发现以下降轮廓结束的是/否问题的百分比更高。

独创性：

从方法上讲，这项研究是原创的，因为国际分析是对自然语言进行的，而不是对阅读或引出语言的分析。从理论的角度来看，这项研究也是原创的，因为它是第一个强调主观因素（例如语言态度）在采用另一种接触形式的语言变体特征中所起的作用的研究。

意义/含义：

我们的研究开辟了一条途径，可以继续研究诸如语言态度之类的主观社会因素，以解释一种语言对另一种语言的影响的变化。