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Bilingual verbs in three Spanish/English code-switching communities
International Journal of Bilingualism ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-18 , DOI: 10.1177/1367006920911449
Osmer Balam 1 , María del Carmen Parafita Couto 2 , Hans Stadthagen-González 3
Affiliation  

Objectives/research questions: We investigate two understudied bilingual compound verbs that have been attested in Spanish/English code-switching; namely, ‘hacer + VInf’ and ‘estar + VProg’. Specifically, we examined speakers’ intuitions vis-à-vis the acceptability and preferential use of non-canonical and canonical hacer ‘to do’ or estar ‘to be’ bilingual constructions among bilinguals from Northern Belize, New Mexico and Puerto Rico. Methodology: Speakers from Northern Belize (n = 44), New Mexico (n = 32) and Puerto Rico (n = 30) completed a two-alternative forced-choice acceptability task and a language background questionnaire. Data and analysis: The data were examined using an analysis of variance and Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment. Conclusions: Whereas Northern Belizean bilinguals gave the highest ratings to ‘hacer + VInf’, both groups of US bilinguals gave preferential ratings to ‘estar + VProg’ bilingual constructions. On the other hand, Puerto Rican bilinguals gave the highest preferential ratings to the canonical estar bilingual compound verbs (i.e. estar + an English progressive verb) but rejected hacer bilingual compound verbs. While ‘hacer + VInf’ and ‘estar + VProg’ may represent variants that are available to Spanish/English bilinguals, the present findings suggest a community-specific distribution, in which hacer bilingual compound verbs are consistently preferred over estar bilingual compound verbs in Northern Belize, whereas estar bilingual constructions are preferred among US bilinguals. Originality: This is the first cross-community examination of these bilingual compound verbs in Northern Belize (Central America/Caribbean), New Mexico (Southwest US) and Puerto Rico (US/Caribbean), three contexts in the Spanish-speaking world characterized by long-standing Spanish/English language contact and the use of bilingual language practices. Implications: Findings underscore the importance of bilingual language experience in modulating linguistic competence and the necessity to study code-switching from a language ecological perspective, as subtle context-specific patterns in code-switching varieties may be manifested not only in bilingual speakers’ oral production but in intuition as well. A more fine-grained understanding of speakers’ judgments is vital to experimental studies that seek to investigate code-switching grammars both within and across communities where code-switching varieties of the same language pair are spoken.

中文翻译:

三个西班牙语/英语代码转换社区中的双语动词

目标/研究问题:我们调查了两个在西班牙语/英语代码转换中得到证明的,未被充分研究的双语复合动词;即“ hacer + VInf”和“ estar + VProg”。具体来说,我们针对北伯利兹,新墨西哥州和波多黎各的双语人士针对非规范和规范性“做”或“将”成为“双语”的双语构造的接受度和优先使用情况,研究了说话者的直觉。方法:来自北伯利兹(n = 44),新墨西哥州(n = 32)和波多黎各(n = 30)的演讲者完成了两种选择的强制选择可接受性任务和语言背景问卷。数据和分析:使用方差分析和瑟斯通比较判断定律检查数据。结论:北伯利兹双语者对“ hacer + VInf”的评价最高,两组美国双语者都对“ estar + VProg”双语结构给予了优先评级。另一方面,波多黎各语的双语者对规范的estar双语复合动词(即estar +英语渐进动词)给予最高的优先等级,但拒绝了hacer双语复合动词。尽管“ hacer + VInf”和“ estar + VProg”可能代表西班牙语/英语双语者可以使用的变体,但目前的发现表明,社区特定的分布,在北部地区,相对于estar双语复合动词,始终首选hacer双语复合动词伯利兹(Belize),而estar双语结构在美国双语者中是首选。独创性:这是在北伯利兹(中美洲/加勒比海)对这些双语复合动词的首次跨社群检查,新墨西哥州(美国西南部)和波多黎各州(美国/加勒比海)是西班牙语国家的三种语境,其特点是长期的西班牙语/英语接触和双语实践。启示:研究结果强调了双语经验在调节语言能力中的重要性以及从语言生态学角度研究代码转换的必要性,因为代码转换品种中微妙的特定于上下文的模式可能不仅体现在双语者的口头表达中但也要凭直觉。对说话者的判断有一个更细致的理解对于实验研究至关重要,这些实验旨在研究说同一种语言对的代码转换变体在社区内和社区之间的代码转换语法。西班牙语世界中的三种语境,其特征是长期的西班牙语/英语接触以及双语实践的使用。启示:研究结果强调了双语经验在调节语言能力中的重要性以及从语言生态学角度研究代码转换的必要性,因为代码转换品种中微妙的特定于上下文的模式可能不仅体现在双语者的口头表达中但也要凭直觉。对说话者的判断有一个更细致的理解对于实验研究至关重要,这些实验旨在研究说同一种语言对的代码转换变体在社区内和社区之间的代码转换语法。西班牙语世界中的三种语境,其特征是长期的西班牙语/英语接触以及双语实践的使用。启示:研究结果强调了双语经验在调节语言能力中的重要性以及从语言生态学角度研究代码转换的必要性,因为代码转换品种中微妙的特定于上下文的模式可能不仅体现在双语者的口头表达中但也要凭直觉。对说话者的判断有一个更细致的理解对于实验研究至关重要,这些实验旨在研究说同一种语言对的代码转换变体在社区内和社区之间的代码转换语法。
更新日期:2020-03-18
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