Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:

Bilingual lexical processing is non-selective, which allows for activation of the non-target language, even when reading in a different script. However, while the influence of cross-script L1 lexical knowledge has been demonstrated in isolated word reading, it is unknown whether it survives in more natural reading tasks. We investigated whether crosslinguistic facilitation due to phonological similarity, semantic similarity, and L1 cognate frequency, is observed when different-script bilinguals read cognate words in their L2 in sentence context and in isolation.

Design/methodology/approach:

Two tasks were conducted with the same Japanese-English bilinguals and target items: A self-paced English reading task with non-highlighted target items embedded in sentence context; and an English lexical decision task. A monolingual control group also completed both tasks.

Data and analysis:

108 cognate items were embedded in sentence context and read by 23 Japanese-English bilinguals and 23 English monolinguals for meaning comprehension. The same items were then responded to by the same participants in lexical decision. Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate the impact of continuous measures of L1–L2 phonological and semantic similarity, L1 cognate frequency, and L2 proficiency, while controlling for L2 lexical characteristics.

Findings/conclusions:

Cross-linguistic phonological and semantic similarity, as well as cognate frequency, partially determined reading times of words in both tasks but only in bilingual, not monolingual, reading. These effects were modulated by task, revealing reduced cross-linguistic facilitation in sentence reading relative to lexical decision.

Originality:

This is the first study to investigate different-script cognate processing in sentence context and compare it with isolated word reading.

Significance/implications:

Although bilinguals do not switch off their L1 during L2 reading, the type of task partially determines how cross-linguistic effects impact reading times. The degree of overlap of Japanese-English cognates is less influential in natural reading tasks compared with isolated word reading tasks.

中文翻译：

---

不同脚本双语阅读中的跨语言词汇效应受任务调节

目的和宗旨/目的/研究问题：

双语词汇处理是非选择性的，即使在使用其他脚本阅读时，也可以激活非目标语言。但是，尽管跨语言L1词汇知识的影响已在孤立的单词阅读中得到证明，但尚不清楚它是否能在更自然的阅读任务中生存。我们调查了当不同脚本的双语者在句子上下文中和孤立地阅读其L2中的同源词时，是否观察到由于语音相似性，语义相似性和L1同源频率而导致的跨语言促进。

设计/方法/方法：

使用相同的日语-英语双语者和目标项目进行了两项任务：一项自定进度的英语阅读任务，在句子上下文中嵌入了不突出显示的目标项目；和英语词汇决策任务。一个使用英语的对照组也完成了这两项任务。

数据与分析：

在句子上下文中嵌入了108个同类项目，并由23位日英双语者和23位英语单语者阅读以进行意义理解。然后，相同的参与者在词汇决策中对相同的项目做出回应。线性混合效果模型用于研究L1-L2语音和语义相似性，L1关联频率和L2熟练度的连续量度的影响，同时控制L2的词汇特征。

结果/结论：

跨语言的语音和语义相似性以及同源频率在两个任务中部分决定了单词的阅读时间，但仅在双语阅读而非单语阅读中确定。这些效果受到任务的调节，揭示了相对于词汇决策而言，句子阅读中跨语言的简化。

独创性：

这是第一个研究句子上下文中不同脚本关联处理并将其与孤立单词阅读进行比较的研究。

意义/含义：

尽管双语者在L2阅读期间不会关闭其L1，但是任务的类型部分决定了跨语言影响如何影响阅读时间。与孤立的单词阅读任务相比，日语-英语单词的重叠程度对自然阅读任务的影响较小。