A sender wishes to persuade a receiver with a (surprising) result that challenges the prior belief. The result stems either from sequential private experimentation or manipulation. The incentive to experiment and to manipulate depends on the quality threshold for persuasion. Higher thresholds make it harder to find a surprising outcome via experimentation and may encourage manipulation. Suppose there are observable nonmanipulable and manipulable research methods. For the decision quality, the quality threshold for persuasion for nonmanipulable methods should be higher than for manipulable methods. We discuss philosophy of science implications, such as field contingent quality standards and P‐value adjustments.

中文翻译：

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有或没有操纵的论点的面值

发送者希望以令人惊讶的结果说服接收者，该结果挑战了先前的信念。结果来自顺序的私人实验或操纵。实验和操纵的动机取决于说服的质量门槛。较高的阈值使得通过实验很难找到令人惊讶的结果，并且可能会鼓励操纵。假设有可观察的不可操纵和可操纵的研究方法。对于决策质量，非可操作方法的说服质量阈值应高于可操作方法的说服质量阈值。我们讨论了科学意义的涵义，例如现场或有质量标准和P值调整。