Workers are defaulted to being non-union in employment relationships across the world. A non-union default likely has substantial negative effects, consistent with the empirical literature reviewed, on union membership levels, because of switching costs, inertia, social norms, and loss aversion. A union default would likely have positive effects on union membership, and has the additional virtues of partially internalising the public goods externalities of unions, improving the freedom to associate (the right to join a union), and preserving the freedom not to associate (the right not to join a union). A union default would also strengthen the extent and effectiveness of union representation.

中文翻译：

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工会违约：提高工会会员资格、促进结社自由、保护不结社自由和进步工会代表权的政策

在世界各地的雇佣关系中，工人被默认为不加入工会。由于转换成本、惯性、社会规范和损失厌恶，非工会违约可能会对工会会员水平产生实质性的负面影响，这与所审查的实证文献一致。工会违约可能会对工会会员资格产生积极影响，并具有将工会的公共物品外部性部分内部化、提高结社自由（加入工会的权利）和保留不结社自由（不加入工会的权利）。工会违约也将加强工会代表的范围和有效性。