Although a considerable number of studies have shown D(eterminer) elements, i.e. determiners and pronominal clitics, to be particularly vulnerable to impairment in monolingual children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), little is known about the use of appropriate or/and grammatically correct referring expressions in the children’s narrative production. Grammars of languages that differ in the way they encode and realize their D system may be viewed as the ideal context to disentangle the contribution of language (L1) transfer and morpho-syntactic impairment to reference use in the L2. The aim of the current study is to examine L1 effects in the use of referring expressions of 5- to 11-year-old Albanian–Greek and Russian–Greek children with DLD, along with typically developing (TD) bilingual groups speaking the same language pairs when maintaining reference to characters in their narratives. The three languages differ in their D elements, since Albanian and Greek have morphologically rich D systems in contrast to Russian, which lacks a definiteness distinction. Children produced oral narratives in Greek by using the Greek versions of two stories (Cat and Dog) which have been designed within the Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) tool of the COST Action IS0804. Results show that the groups did not differ in referential appropriateness. Regarding grammatical correctness, both groups with DLD produced more ungrammatical forms than TD children, while Russian–Greek children with DLD produced more ungrammatical article-less NPs than the other groups. The overall results reflect the joint contribution of language impairment and L1-specific typological properties in the definite forms used for character maintenance by bilingual children with DLD.

尽管大量研究表明，D（确定者）要素（即决定因素和代词性气候）在患有发展性语言障碍（DLD）的单语儿童中特别容易受到损害，但对于适当或语法正确的使用知之甚少在儿童的叙事作品中提及指称。语言的语法在编码和实现D系统方面的方式不同，可以看作是理清语言（L1）传递和形态句法障碍对L2中参考使用的贡献的理想上下文。本研究的目的是研究5至11岁阿尔巴尼亚-希腊和俄罗斯-希腊DLD儿童的指称表达对L1的影响，以及在叙述中保持对字符的引用时，通常会发展为（TD）双语群体讲相同的语言对。三种语言的D元素有所不同，因为阿尔巴尼亚文和希腊文与俄语形成了形态丰富的D系统，而俄语则缺乏确定性的区别。孩子们使用两个故事的希腊文版本制作了希腊语口头叙述（猫和犬），已设计了多语言评估工具中的COST行动IS0804的叙事（主）工具。结果表明，各组在指称适用性方面没有差异。关于语法正确性，两个DLD组的儿童比TD儿童产生更多的非语法形式，而俄语-DLD的希腊语儿童比其他儿童产生更多的不符合语法的无文章NP。总体结果反映了语言障碍和L1特定类型属性在确定的形式中的共同贡献，这些形式用于DLD双语儿童的性格维持。