We examined whether U.S. schools systemically discriminate when suspending or otherwise disciplining students with disabilities (SWD). Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria. We coded 147 available risk estimates from these 18 studies. Of four studies including individual-level controls for infraction reasons, over half of the available estimates (i.e., 14 of 24, or 58%) failed to indicate that SWD were more likely to be suspended than otherwise similar students without disabilities. Of the seven available estimates adjusted for the strong confound of individual-level behavior, most (i.e., five of seven, or 71%) failed to indicate that SWD were more likely to be suspended. The other two estimates indicating SWD were more likely to be suspended were from one study. We also examined whether SWD were less likely to be suspended than otherwise similar students without disabilities. There was no strong evidence of this. Empirical evidence regarding whether U.S. schools discriminate when disciplining SWD is currently inconclusive.

中文翻译：

---

美国学校在停学残疾学生时是否存在歧视？最佳证据综合

我们研究了美国学校在停学或以其他方式惩罚残疾学生 (SWD) 时是否存在系统性歧视。18 项研究符合纳入标准。我们对这 18 项研究中的 147 项可用风险估​​计进行了编码。在包括因违规原因而进行个人层面控制的四项研究中，超过一半的可用估计（即 24 项中的 14 项，或 58%）未能表明 SWD 比其他类似的非残疾学生更有可能被停学。在根据个人层面行为的强烈混淆调整的七项可用估计中，大多数（即七分之五，或 71%）未能表明社署更有可能被停职。表明 SWD 更有可能被暂停的其他两项估计来自一项研究。我们还研究了 SWD 是否比其他类似的非残疾学生更不可能被停学。没有强有力的证据证明这一点。关于美国学校在惩戒 SWD 时是否存在歧视的经验证据目前尚无定论。