Citizenship was the main vehicle through which urban authorities granted political and economic rights to their communities. This article estimates the size of the citizenry and citizenship rates for over 30 European towns and cities between 1550 and 1849. While the extent of citizenship varied between European regions and by city size, our estimates show that citizenship was more accessible than previously thought.

中文翻译：

---

工业化前的英格兰，德国和低地国家的公民身份程度

公民身份是城市当局向其社区授予政治和经济权利的主要手段。本文估计了1550年至1849年间30多个欧洲城镇的公民身份和公民身份率。尽管公民身份的程度因欧洲地区和城市规模而异，但我们的估计表明，公民身份比以前认为的更容易获得。