This paper explores the evolution of Italy's regional inequality in the long run, from around Unification (1871) until our days (2011). To this scope, a unique and up-to-date dataset of GDP per capita, GDP per worker (productivity) and employment, at the NUTS II level and at current borders, for the whole economy and its three branches - agriculture, industry, services - is here presented and discussed. Sigma and beta convergence are tested for GDP per capita, productivity and workers per capita (employment/population). Four phases in the history of regional inequality in post-unification Italy are confronted: mild divergence (the liberal age), strong divergence (the two world wars and Fascism), general convergence (the golden age) and the "two-Italies" polarization. In this last period, for the first time GDP and productivity, as well as workers per capita and productivity, have been following opposite paths: the North-South divide increased in GDP, decreased in productivity.

中文翻译：

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双重均衡的根源：从长期来看，意大利地区的GDP，生产率和结构变化（1871-2011年）

本文探讨了从统一（1871年）到今天（2011年）长期以来意大利区域不平等的演变。在此范围内，在NUTS II级别和当前边界上，针对整个经济及其三个分支（农业，工业，农业，服务-在这里介绍和讨论。对Sigma和Beta趋同进行了人均GDP，生产率和人均工人（就业/人口）测试。统一后意大利的区域不平等历史面临四个阶段：温和分歧（自由时代），强烈分歧（两次世界大战和法西斯主义），普遍趋同（黄金时代）和“两个意大利”两极化。在最后一个时期，GDP和生产力首次出现