Considering the role of attribution in the law of state responsibility, this article examines the technical and international law methodologies and determinants used when attributing malicious cyber activities falling below the use of force threshold to a state and identifies the challenges that arise which lead to responsibility gaps. The article goes on to discuss a number of proposals that aim to improve the effectiveness of the attribution process and in order to close the responsibility gaps. They include institutional proposals envisaging the creation of an international attribution agency; normative proposals advocating the revision of the legal determinants of attribution; and proposals concerning the standard of proof. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the theory and practice of cyber attribution in order to enhance the regulatory potential of international law in this area.

中文翻译：

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网络归因：技术和法律方法与挑战

考虑到归因在国家责任法中的作用，本文研究了在将低于使用武力阈值的恶意网络活动归因于国家时使用的技术和国际法方法论和决定因素，并确定了导致责任差距的挑战. 文章接着讨论了一些旨在提高归因过程的有效性并缩小责任差距的建议。它们包括设想建立一个国际归属机构的机构建议；提倡修订归属的法律决定因素的规范性提案；以及关于证明标准的建议。