Abstract In many domains evidence exists that expertise development goes along with the adaptation of cognitive structures and processes. Whilst it is generally assumed that expertise and its acquisition is domain-specific, there are nevertheless similarities across domains that may evoke comparable processes and lead to similar cognitive restructuring. The “Knowledge Restructuring through Case Processing” (KR-CP) theory is proposed as a domain-general framework that takes into account similarities and differences between domains in order to explain corresponding processes and performances of professionals in different domains. The KR-CP theory is based on the assumption that dealing with complex cases plays a major role in many professional domains and allows for cognitive adaptations to routine as well as novel situations. The focus of this review is to investigate the capacity of this assumption to explain expertise development in multiple domains. Starting from the domain of medicine, in which such outcomes have been extensively studied, three further domains are analysed. Evidence is reviewed from counselling and psychotherapy, business management, and law. Thereby specific methodological complications emerge concerning the criteria for expert selection, the definition of levels of expertise, or the degree of authenticity of participants' tasks. Nevertheless, direct and strong indications for restructuring knowledge into scripts and macro-concepts could be identified in all three domains. To further substantiate the KR-CP theory, studies are needed that explicitly address the comparison of case processing in different domains.

中文翻译：

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通过案例处理进行知识重构：跨领域推广专业知识发展理论的关键？

摘要 在许多领域都有证据表明，专业知识的发展伴随着认知结构和过程的适应。虽然通常假设专业知识及其获得是特定领域的，但跨领域的相似性可能会引发类似的过程并导致类似的认知重构。“通过案例处理进行知识重构”（KR-CP）理论被提出作为一个领域通用框架，它考虑了领域之间的异同，以解释不同领域专业人员的相应过程和表现。KR-CP 理论基于这样一个假设，即处理复杂案例在许多专业领域中发挥着重要作用，并允许对常规和新情况进行认知调整。本次审查的重点是调查这一假设解释多个领域专业知识发展的能力。从医学领域开始，对这些结果进行了广泛的研究，分析了另外三个领域。从咨询和心理治疗、商业管理和法律中审查证据。因此，在专家选择标准、专业水平的定义或参与者任务的真实性程度方面，出现了特定的方法论复杂性。尽管如此，在所有三个领域都可以确定将知识重组为脚本和宏观概念的直接和强烈的迹象。为了进一步证实 KR-CP 理论，需要研究明确解决不同领域案例处理的比较。