ABSTRACT Background: Early school leaving (ESL) is a significant and complex problem for most educational systems. Research has analysed this problem from a number of different perspectives but has been mainly focused on a specific set of variables that may influence ESL. Purpose: This study sought to identify the variables that influence ESL in compulsory education, provide a global perspective and develop a comprehensive model to enable the visualisation of different ways in which a student can be at risk of ESL. Design and method: A content analysis of 32 reviews published between 2006 and 2016 was carried out, and data were coded qualitatively. Findings: In total, 122 variables connected with ESL were grouped into two differentiated clusters: a non-academic cluster with three factors (Individual, Family and Friendship) and an academic cluster with four factors (Student, School, Teacher and Classmates). Based on the variables analysed, a model was created that presents, in a synthetic and visual form, all variables related to ESL, grouped in two clusters and seven factors. The largest groups of variables related to ESL are those linked to the person, as an individual and a student, and those linked to the family. This classification provides an idea of the complexity of ESL as well as the high number of variables that should be considered in designing efficient strategies to provide solutions to it. Conclusions: This study points to the need to approach the problem by taking into account all possible perspectives, as suggested by the proposed model, thereby taking into consideration all the variables that can contribute to ESL.

中文翻译：

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影响早退的因素：综合模型

摘要背景：对于大多数教育系统来说，提前离校 (ESL) 是一个重要而复杂的问题。研究从多个不同的角度分析了这个问题，但主要集中在可能影响 ESL 的一组特定变量上。目的：本研究旨在确定影响义务教育中 ESL 的变量，提供全球视角并开发一个综合模型，以可视化学生可能面临 ESL 风险的不同方式。设计和方法：对 2006 年至 2016 年间发表的 32 篇评论进行了内容分析，并对数据进行了定性编码。结果：总共有 122 个与 ESL 相关的变量被分为两个不同的集群：一个具有三个因素的非学术集群（个人、家庭和友谊）和具有四个因素（学生、学校、老师和同学）的学术集群。基于分析的变量，创建了一个模型，该模型以合成和可视化的形式呈现与 ESL 相关的所有变量，分为两个集群和七个因素。与 ESL 相关的最大变量组是与个人、个人和学生相关的变量以及与家庭相关的变量。这种分类提供了关于 ESL 的复杂性以及在设计有效策略以提供解决方案时应考虑的大量变量的概念。结论：本研究指出需要通过考虑所有可能的观点来解决问题，正如所提出的模型所建议的那样，从而考虑到所有可能有助于 ESL 的变量。