ABSTRACT

The present study examines a measure, the embodied tariff, which is defined as the sum of all tariffs imposed on intermediate inputs at various stages of productions. It captures the total tariff costs in products in the context of the global value chain. We estimate the embodied tariff for 44 economies and 56 sectors, decompose it by tariff source, and also decompose its temporal changes using structural decomposition analysis. The embodied tariff is more than twice the size of the traditional direct input tariff, indicating a non-negligible value chain effect. This demonstrates an overall declining pattern over time, which reflects a dominating effect of decreasing customs tariffs over increasing international production fragmentation. Since 2011, however, the decline in international production fragmentation has also decreased embodied tariffs. A country’s customs tariff is sizably translated into the embodied tariff of its own products, creating a competitive disadvantage for domestic producers.

摘要

本研究检验措施，具体关税，它是指在生产的各个阶段对中间投入征收的所有关税的总和。它捕获了全球价值链中产品的总关税成本。我们估算了44个经济体和56个行业的实际关税，通过关税源对其进行分解，并使用结构分解分析法对其时间变化进行分解。实际关税是传统直接投入关税的两倍以上，表明价值链效应不可忽略。这表明随着时间的流逝总体呈下降趋势，这反映出关税降低对国际生产分化加剧的主导作用。但是，自2011年以来，国际生产分散性的下降也降低了具体关税。