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Friendly fire: the trade impact of the Russia sanctions and counter-sanctions
Economic Policy ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-12 , DOI: 10.1093/epolic/eiaa006
Matthieu Crozet 1 , Julian Hinz 2
Affiliation  

Economic sanctions are a frequent instrument of foreign policy. In a diplomatic conflict, they aim to elicit a change in the policies of foreign governments by damaging their economy. However, sanctions are not costless for the sending economy, where domestic firms involved in business with the target countries might incur economic damages. This paper evaluates these costs in terms of export losses of the diplomatic crisis that started in 2014 between the Russian Federation and 37 countries, (including the United States, the EU, and Japan) over the Ukrainian conflict for the implicated countries. We first gauge the impact of the sanctions' regime using a structural gravity framework and quantify the trade losses in a general equilibrium counterfactual analysis. We estimate this loss at US$114 billion from 2014 until the end of 2015, with US$ 44 billion being borne by sanctioning Western countries. Interestingly, we find that the bulk of the impact stems from products that are not directly targeted by Russian retaliations (taking the form of an embargo on imports of agricultural products). This result suggests that most of the losses are not attributable to the Russian retaliation but to Western sanctions. We then investigate the underlying mechanism at the firm level using French customs data. Results indicate that neither consumer boycotts nor perceived country risk can account for the decline in exports of products that are not targeted by the Russian embargo. Instead, the disruption of the provision of trade finance services is found to have played an important role.

中文翻译:

友好之火:俄罗斯制裁和反制裁的贸易影响

经济制裁是外交政策的经常手段。在外交冲突中,它们旨在通过损害其经济来促使外国政府改变政策。但是,制裁对派出国经济并非没有代价,因为与目标国家开展业务的国内公司可能会遭受经济损害。本文从2014年俄罗斯联邦与37个国家(包括美国,欧盟和日本)之间因涉案国家的乌克兰冲突引发的外交危机造成的出口损失评估了这些成本。我们首先使用结构性引力框架评估制裁制度的影响,并在一般均衡的反事实分析中量化贸易损失。我们估计,从2014年到2015年底,这一损失为1,140亿美元,其中有440亿美元由制裁西方国家承担。有趣的是,我们发现,大部分影响来自俄罗斯报复并未直接针对的产品(采取对农产品进口的禁运形式)。这一结果表明,大多数损失不是由于俄罗斯的报复,而是由于西方的制裁。然后,我们使用法国海关数据在公司级别调查潜在的机制。结果表明,消费者抵制和国家风险感知都不能解释俄罗斯禁运未针对的产品出口下降。相反,发现贸易融资服务的提供中断起了重要作用。我们发现,大部分影响来自俄罗斯报复并未直接针对的产品(采取对农产品进口的禁运形式)。这一结果表明,大多数损失不是由于俄罗斯的报复,而是由于西方的制裁。然后,我们使用法国海关数据在公司级别调查潜在的机制。结果表明,消费者的抵制或国家风险的感知都不能解释俄罗斯禁运未针对的产品出口下降。相反,发现贸易融资服务的中断起了重要作用。我们发现,大部分影响来自俄罗斯报复并未直接针对的产品(采取对农产品进口的禁运形式)。这一结果表明,大多数损失不是由于俄罗斯的报复,而是由于西方的制裁。然后,我们使用法国海关数据在公司级别调查潜在的机制。结果表明,消费者的抵制或国家风险的感知都不能解释俄罗斯禁运未针对的产品出口下降。相反,发现贸易融资服务的中断起了重要作用。这一结果表明,大多数损失不是由于俄罗斯的报复,而是由于西方的制裁。然后,我们使用法国海关数据在公司级别调查潜在的机制。结果表明,消费者抵制和国家风险感知都不能解释俄罗斯禁运未针对的产品出口下降。相反,发现贸易融资服务的中断起了重要作用。这一结果表明,大多数损失不是由于俄罗斯的报复,而是由于西方的制裁。然后,我们使用法国海关数据在公司级别调查潜在的机制。结果表明,消费者抵制和国家风险感知都不能解释俄罗斯禁运未针对的产品出口下降。相反,发现贸易融资服务的中断起了重要作用。
更新日期:2020-05-12
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