ABSTRACT We examine whether discouraged and added worker effects are state-dependent, business cycle phase-dependent, or change stochastically. We use quarterly LFS data for the 1995–2016 period for Poland. Labor force participation rate behaves non-linearly. The change is rapid and connected to the stable value of the cyclical unemployment rate. An unemployment rate higher than 13% implies a discouraged worker effect. Policy actions should aim to prolong the labor market activity (added worker effect) of females and older workers. Workers may be encouraged to reenter the labor market if their probability of finding a job is improved through active economic policy measures.

中文翻译：

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受挫和增加的工人效应中的不对称和非线性

摘要 我们研究了受挫和增加的工人效应是依赖于状态、依赖于商业周期阶段还是随机变化。我们使用波兰 1995-2016 年的季度 LFS 数据。劳动力参与率呈非线性表现。这种变化是迅速的，并且与周期性失业率的稳定值有关。高于 13% 的失业率意味着工人的沮丧效应。政策行动应旨在延长女性和老年工人的劳动力市场活动（附加工人效应）。如果通过积极的经济政策措施提高了工人找到工作的可能性，则可能会鼓励他们重新进入劳动力市场。