Since its emergence in 2003 Anonymous has become an increasingly prominent actor on the international stage. Anonymous is an online collective comprising like-minded individuals that commit cyber-attacks against state and non-state actors that are allegedly involved in the abuse of fundamental human rights. In recent years Anonymous has demonstrated a preparedness to commit cyber-attacks against parties to an armed conflict and the cyber-attacks launched against Israel during its 2014 armed conflict with Hamas are such an example. Using Anonymous’s cyber-attacks against Israel as a lens, this article evaluates the status of online groups under international humanitarian law when they become embroiled in armed conflict and in particular under what circumstances members of these groups can be made the object of attack under the laws of targeting.

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网络战和国际人道主义法下的匿名地位

自 2003 年问世以来，Anonymous 已成为国际舞台上日益突出的演员。Anonymous 是一个在线集体，由志同道合的个人组成，他们对涉嫌侵犯基本人权的国家和非国家行为者进行网络攻击。近年来，Anonymous 表现出对武装冲突各方进行网络攻击的准备，2014 年与哈马斯的武装冲突期间对以色列发起的网络攻击就是这样一个例子。本文以匿名者对以色列的网络攻击为镜头，评估了网络团体在卷入武装冲突时在国际人道法下的地位，特别是在哪些情况下这些团体的成员可以成为法律下的攻击对象的目标。