Children with hearing impairment (HI) are at an increased risk of developing speech and language problems similar to those of children with developmental language disorder (DLD), including difficulties with phonology and grammar. This study investigated similarities and differences in phonological and grammatical production between children with bilateral sensorineural HI (n = 14) and children with DLD (n = 30) between 4-6 years of age and age-matched controls with typical language development and normal hearing (TLD) (n = 29), all with Swedish as their first language. Production of consonants, vowels, stress patterns and tonal word accents was assessed in a picture naming task, and in a word and nonword repetition task. Grammatical production was assessed for verb and noun morphology, and syntax. While performance for both children with HI and DLD were generally significantly below that of the controls with TLD, production of accents and syntax emerged as relative strengths. There were few differences between the between the children with HI and DLD, but noun–adjective agreement in predicative was more challenging for the children with HI. The results have implications for language assessment and planning of intervention.

中文翻译：

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发育性语言障碍儿童和听力障碍儿童的语音和语法生成

听力障碍 (HI) 儿童出现与发育性语言障碍 (DLD) 儿童相似的言语和语言问题的风险增加，包括语音和语法方面的困难。本研究调查了 4-6 岁之间的双侧感觉神经性 HI 儿童（n = 14）和 DLD 儿童（n = 30）与具有典型语言发育和正常听力的年龄匹配对照儿童在语音和语法生成方面的异同(TLD) (n = 29)，全部以瑞典语为第一语言。在图片命名任务以及单词和非单词重复任务中评估了辅音、元音、重音模式和声调单词重音的产生。对动词和名词形态以及句法的语法产生进行了评估。虽然 HI 和 DLD 儿童的表现通常显着低于 TLD 对照组，但口音和句法的产生作为相对优势出现。HI 和 DLD 儿童之间几乎没有差异，但对 HI 儿童而言，谓语中的名词-形容词一致性更具挑战性。结果对语言评估和干预计划有影响。