This study explores the use of kin terms in a corpus of Vietnamese–English bilingual spontaneous conversation. While the corpus features a range of single Vietnamese lexical items in otherwise English discourse, kin terms, as in the example below, are overwhelmingly the most frequent (accounting for 84%, 164/196, of single Vietnamese words in an English context). Isabellecon worked it out somehow.‘I-CHILD worked it out somehow.’(Transcript T, V2F92, 23:22.7–23:24.1) The study puts forward an empirical attempt at determining whether such items should be considered code-switches or borrowings, and the role that pragmatic norms play in shaping this linguistic behaviour. Discourse distribution of the kin terms in terms of person reference and syntactic role are used as cross-language ‘conflict sites’, to determine the level of integration of such items as a test of their status as code-switches or borrowings. This reveals that the distribution of Vietnamese kin terms in an otherwise English context mirrors that of Vietnamese kin terms in monolingual Vietnamese, and is distinct from that of English kin terms. This measure of integration suggests that these may be single-word code-switches. Nonetheless, the high frequency of use and their diffusion across the community are suggestive of borrowings. Follow-up interviews with the participants reveal specific community norms that underlie the use of these terms, namely as a linguistic resource to retain, promote and conform to community cultural practice. While the paper acknowledges the difficulty in determining the exact status of these forms based on existing criteria, it demonstrates how judicious application of empirical methodology enables us to pinpoint such strategies in studying language in contact.

中文翻译：

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借用还是代码转换？越英演讲中的社区规范痕迹

本研究探讨了在越南-英语双语自发对话语料库中亲属术语的使用。虽然语料库在其他英语话语中包含一系列单一的越南语词汇项目，但如下例所示，亲属词是最常见的（占英语上下文中越南语单词的 84%，164/196）。Isabellecon 以某种方式解决了它。“I-CHILD 以某种方式解决了它。”（Transcript T, V2F92, 23:22.7–23:24.1）该研究提出了一项实证尝试，以确定是否应将此类项目视为代码转换或借用以及语用规范在塑造这种语言行为方面的作用。亲属术语在人称和句法角色方面的话语分布被用作跨语言的“冲突站点”，确定此类项目的集成水平，以测试其作为代码转换或借用的状态。这表明越南亲属词在英语上下文中的分布反映了越南亲属词在单语越南语中的分布，并且与英语亲属词的分布不同。这种集成度量表明这些可能是单字代码转换。尽管如此，高频率的使用及其在社区中的传播暗示了借用。对参与者的后续访谈揭示了这些术语使用背后的特定社区规范，即作为保留、促进和符合社区文化实践的语言资源。虽然该文件承认难以根据现有标准确定这些表格的确切状态，