Spatial Frames of Reference (FoR) have been discussed from different angles including cross-linguistic variety, detailed individual language descriptions, considering the impact of landscape and cognition, and regional overviews. Little attention, however, has been paid to their usage patterns. Consequently, this paper analyses a curious restriction on the use of different types of absolute terms. The analysis is based on a previous observation for Jaminjung that the use of absolute FoR is conditioned by whether or not the ground is overtly specified. The paper expands on this finding for two languages spoken in the same region, MalakMalak and the Roper variety of Kriol. It particularly focuses on the influence of morphosyntactic features and takes cognitive approaches as well as cultural salience into consideration.

中文翻译：

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在位置和方向描述中使用空间参考系的限制：来自三种澳大利亚语言的证据

已经从不同角度讨论了空间参考框架 (FoR)，包括跨语言多样性、详细的个人语言描述、考虑到景观和认知的影响以及区域概览。然而，很少有人关注它们的使用模式。因此，本文分析了对使用不同类型绝对项的奇怪限制。该分析基于之前对 Jaminjung 的观察，即绝对 FoR 的使用取决于是否公开指定地面。该论文扩展了同一地区使用的两种语言 MalakMalak 和 Roper 变体 Kriol 的这一发现。它特别关注形态句法特征的影响，并考虑了认知方法和文化显着性。