Both questions as abstract objects and the speech acts, here called requests, by which we ask them play an enormous role in all argumentative practices. Nonetheless, there is hardly a proper systematic treatment of questions and requests in current argumentation theories. This paper is a first attempt at providing such a systematic treatment. This is achieved by following the ideal model of a critical discussion as elaborated over the years by the Amsterdam school of pragma-dialectics. After introducing the distinction between questions and requests, the paper sets forth and illustrates the norms of questioning which implicitly underlie the four stages of a critical discussion in the standard order: confrontation, opening, argumentation, and conclusion. Among other things, it is shown that crucial insights of pragma-dialectics are illuminated by the questioning perspective, in particular the distinction between single and multiple differences of opinion, the duties of the antagonist and protagonist roles, the precise character of the argumentation stage, and the different ways in which a disagreement can be resolved.

中文翻译：

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论批判性讨论的理想模型中提问的重要性

作为抽象对象的问题和言语行为，这里称为请求，我们通过请求提出请求在所有论证实践中都发挥着巨大的作用。尽管如此，目前的论证理论中几乎没有对问题和要求进行适当的系统处理。本文是首次尝试提供这样一种系统的治疗方法。这是通过遵循阿姆斯特丹语用辩证法学派多年来阐述的批判性讨论的理想模型来实现的。在介绍了问题和请求之间的区别之后，本文阐述并说明了提问规范，这些规范隐含在标准顺序中批判性讨论的四个阶段的基础上：对抗、开场、论证和结论。除其他事项外，