Memory for speech benefits from linguistic structure. Recall is better for sentences than for random strings of words (the “sentence superiority effect”; SSE), and evidence suggests that ongoing speech may be organized advantageously as clauses in memory (recall by word position shows within-clause U shape). In this study, we examined the SSE and clause-based organization for closed-set speech materials with low semantic predictability and without typical prosody. An overall SSE was observed and accuracy by word position was enhanced at the clause boundaries for these materials. Next, we tested the effects of mental manipulation on the SSE and clause-based organization. Listeners heard word strings that were syntactic, were arranged syntactically then presented backwards, or were random draws. Participants responded to materials as presented or in reversed order, requiring mental manipulation. Clause-level organization was apparent only for materials presented in syntactic order regardless of response order. After accounting for benefits due to reductions in uncertainty for these close-set materials, an SSE was present for syntactic materials regardless of response order, and for the syntactic backwards condition with reverse-order response (yielding a syntactically correct sentence in the response). Thus, the SSE was both resistant to and could be obtained following mental manipulation.

中文翻译：

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检查以向前或向后顺序呈现和报告的句子的句子优势效应

语音记忆受益于语言结构。对句子的回忆比对随机的单词串更好（“句子优势效应”；SSE），并且有证据表明，正在进行的语音可以有利地组织为记忆中的从句（按单词位置的回忆显示在从句内的 U 形）。在这项研究中，我们检查了语义可预测性低且没有典型韵律的封闭式语音材料的 SSE 和基于子句的组织。观察到整体 SSE，并在这些材料的条款边界处提高了单词位置的准确性。接下来，我们测试了心理操纵对 SSE 和基于条款的组织的影响。听众听到的词串是句法的，按句法排列然后向后呈现，或者是随机抽取的。参与者对呈现的或相反顺序的材料做出反应，需要进行心理操纵。子句级别的组织仅对以句法顺序呈现的材料很明显，而与响应顺序无关。在考虑到由于这些封闭材料的不确定性减少而带来的好处之后，无论响应顺序如何，句法材料都存在 SSE，并且对于具有逆序响应的句法向后条件（在响应中产生句法正确的句子）。因此，SSE 既可以抵抗心理操纵，也可以通过心理操纵获得。在考虑到由于这些封闭材料的不确定性减少而带来的好处之后，无论响应顺序如何，句法材料都存在 SSE，并且对于具有逆序响应的句法向后条件（在响应中产生句法正确的句子）。因此，SSE 既可以抵抗心理操纵，也可以通过心理操纵获得。在考虑到由于这些封闭材料的不确定性减少而带来的好处之后，无论响应顺序如何，句法材料都存在 SSE，并且对于具有逆序响应的句法向后条件（在响应中产生句法正确的句子）。因此，SSE 既可以抵抗心理操纵，也可以通过心理操纵获得。