Farm animals play an important role in translational research as large animal models of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The mechanistic investigation of zoonotic diseases of the GI tract, in which animals can act as asymptomatic carriers, could provide important information for therapeutic approaches. In veterinary medicine, farm animals are no less relevant, as they can serve as models for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of GI diseases in the target species. However, farm animal-derived cell lines of the intestinal epithelium are rarely available from standardised cell banks and, in addition, are not usually specific for certain sections of the intestine. Immortalised porcine or bovine enterocytic cell lines are more widely available, compared to goat or sheep-derived cell lines; no continuous cell lines are available from the chicken. Other epithelial cell types with intestinal section-specific distribution and function, such as goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells and intestinal stem cells, are not represented in those cell line-based models. Therefore, intestinal organoid models of farm animal species, which are already widely used for mice and humans, are gaining importance. Crypt-derived or pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoid models offer the possibility to investigate the mechanisms of inter-cell or host-pathogen interactions and to answer species-specific questions. This review is intended to give an overview of cell culture models of the intestinal epithelium of farm animals, discussing species-specific differences, culture techniques and some possible applications for intestinal organoid models. It also highlights the need for species-specific pluripotent stem cell-derived or crypt-derived intestinal organoid models for promotion of the Three Rs principles (replacement, reduction and refinement).

中文翻译：

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肠道上皮的农场动物衍生模型：肠道类器官的最新进展和未来应用

农场动物作为胃肠 (GI) 道的大型动物模型在转化研究中发挥着重要作用。对胃肠道人畜共患病的机制研究，其中动物可以作为无症状携带者，可以为治疗方法提供重要信息。在兽医学中，家畜同样重要，因为它们可以作为开发目标物种胃肠疾病诊断和治疗方法的模型。然而，农场动物来源的肠上皮细胞系很少从标准化的细胞库中获得，此外，通常不是肠道某些部分的特异性细胞系。与山羊或绵羊来源的细胞系相比，永生化的猪或牛肠细胞系更容易获得；没有可从鸡获得的连续细胞系。具有肠切片特异性分布和功能的其他上皮细胞类型，如杯状细胞、肠内分泌细胞、潘氏细胞和肠干细胞，在这些基于细胞系的模型中不存在。因此，已经广泛用于小鼠和人类的农场动物物种的肠道类器官模型越来越重要。地穴衍生或多能干细胞衍生的肠道类器官模型为研究细胞间或宿主-病原体相互作用的机制和回答物种特异性问题提供了可能性。本综述旨在概述农场动物肠上皮细胞培养模型，讨论物种特异性差异，培养技术和肠道类器官模型的一些可能应用。它还强调了对物种特异性多能干细胞衍生或隐窝衍生肠道类器官模型的需求，以促进三 R 原则（替换、减少和改进）。