In this paper, recent developments in quasi-3D aerodynamic methods are presented. At their core, these methods are based on the lifting-line theory and vortex lattice method, but with a relaxed set of hypotheses, while also considering the effect of viscosity (to a certain degree) by introducing a strong non-linear coupling with two-dimensional viscous aerofoil aerodynamics. These methods can provide more accurate results compared with their inviscid classical counterparts and have an extended range of applicability with respect to the lifting surface geometry. Verification results are presented for both steady-state and unsteady flows, as well as case studies related to their integration into aerodynamic shape optimisation tools. The good accuracy achieved using relatively low computational time makes such quasi-3D methods a solid choice for conducting conceptual-level design and optimisation of lifting surfaces.

中文翻译：

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用于飞机概念设计研究的快速准确的准 3D 空气动力学方法

本文介绍了准 3D 空气动力学方法的最新进展。这些方法的核心是基于升力线理论和涡格法，但有一组宽松的假设，同时还通过引入与两个函数的强非线性耦合（在一定程度上）考虑了粘度的影响维粘性翼型空气动力学。与无粘性的经典对应方法相比，这些方法可以提供更准确的结果，并且在升力表面几何形状方面具有更大的适用范围。提供了稳态和非稳态流动的验证结果，以及与其集成到空气动力学形状优化工具相关的案例研究。