Objective:The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is commonly used to assist with post-concussion return-to-play decisions for athletes. Additional investigation is needed to determine whether embedded indicators used to determine the validity of scores are influenced by the presence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs).Method:This study examined standard and novel ImPACT validity indicators in a large sample of high school athletes (n = 33,772) with or without self-reported ND.Results:Overall, 7.1% of athletes’ baselines were judged invalid based on standard ImPACT validity criteria. When analyzed by group (healthy, ND), there were significantly more invalid ImPACT baselines for athletes with an ND diagnosis or special education history (between 9.7% and 54.3% for standard and novel embedded validity criteria) when compared to athletes without NDs. ND history was a significant predictor of invalid baseline performance above and beyond other demographic characteristics (i.e., age, sex, and sport), although it accounted for only a small percentage of variance. Multivariate base rates are presented stratified for age, sex, and ND.Conclusions:These data provide evidence of higher than normal rates of invalid baselines in athletes who report ND (based on both the standard and novel embedded validity indicators). Although ND accounted for a small percentage of variance in the prediction of invalid performance, negative consequences (e.g., extended time out of sports) of incorrect decision-making should be considered for those with neurodevelopmental conditions. Also, reasons for the overall increase noted here, such as decreased motivation, “sandbagging”, or disability-related cognitive deficit, require additional investigation.

中文翻译：

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特殊教育、多动症、自闭症和学习障碍对高中运动员的影响效度分数的影响

目的：脑震荡后即时评估和认知测试 (ImPACT) 通常用于协助运动员做出脑震荡后重返赛场的决定。需要进一步调查以确定用于确定分数有效性的嵌入式指标是否受到神经发育障碍 (NDs) 存在的影响。方法：本研究在大量高中运动员样本中检验了标准和新型 ImPACT 有效性指标（n= 33,772) 有或没有自我报告的 ND。结果：总体而言，根据标准 ImPACT 有效性标准，7.1% 的运动员基线被判定为无效。当按组（健康，ND）进行分析时，与没有 ND 的运动员相比，具有 ND 诊断或特殊教育史的运动员的无效 ImPACT 基线显着更多（标准和新的嵌入有效性标准在 9.7% 和 54.3% 之间）。ND 病史是无效基线表现的重要预测指标，超出其他人口统计特征（即年龄、性别和运动），尽管它仅占方差的一小部分。多变量基础率按年龄、性别和 ND 分层。结论：这些数据提供了报告 ND 的运动员的无效基线率高于正常水平的证据（基于标准和新的嵌入有效性指标）。尽管 ND 占预测无效表现的一小部分差异，但对于有神经发育状况的人，应考虑错误决策的负面后果（例如，延长停赛时间）。此外，此处提到的整体增长的原因，例如动机下降、“沙袋”或与残疾相关的认知缺陷，需要进一步调查。有神经发育问题的人应考虑做出不正确的决定。此外，此处提到的整体增长的原因，例如动机下降、“沙袋”或与残疾相关的认知缺陷，需要进一步调查。有神经发育问题的人应考虑做出不正确的决定。此外，此处提到的整体增长的原因，例如动机下降、“沙袋”或与残疾相关的认知缺陷，需要进一步调查。