The onset of magnetic reconnection in space, astrophysical and laboratory plasmas is reviewed discussing results from theory, numerical simulations and observations. After a brief introduction on magnetic reconnection and approach to the question of onset, we first discuss recent theoretical models and numerical simulations, followed by observations of reconnection and its effects in space and astrophysical plasmas from satellites and ground-based detectors, as well as measurements of reconnection in laboratory plasma experiments. Mechanisms allowing reconnection spanning from collisional resistivity to kinetic effects as well as partial ionization are described, providing a description valid over a wide range of plasma parameters, and therefore applicable in principle to many different astrophysical and laboratory environments. Finally, we summarize the implications of reconnection onset physics for plasma dynamics throughout the Universe and illustrate how capturing the dynamics correctly is important to understanding particle acceleration. The goal of this review is to give a view on the present status of this topic and future interesting investigations, offering a unified approach.

中文翻译：

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实验室和空间等离子体中快速磁重联和粒子激发的开始

回顾了空间、天体物理和实验室等离子体中磁重联的开始，讨论了理论、数值模拟和观察的结果。在简要介绍了磁重联和开始问题的方法之后，我们首先讨论了最近的理论模型和数值模拟，然后从卫星和地面探测器观察重联及其在空间和天体物理等离子体中的影响，以及测量实验室等离子体实验中的重新连接。描述了允许重新连接从碰撞电阻率到动力学效应以及部分电离的机制，提供了在广泛的等离子体参数范围内有效的描述，因此原则上适用于许多不同的天体物理和实验室环境。最后，我们总结了重联起始物理学对整个宇宙的等离子体动力学的影响，并说明了正确捕捉动力学对于理解粒子加速度的重要性。本次审查的目的是对该主题的现状和未来有趣的调查给出一个看法，提供一个统一的方法。