We undertake a redescription of the equid sample from the Early Pleistocene of Roca-Neyra, France. This locality has been recently calibrated at the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary (2.6 ± 0.2 Ma) and therefore it is of interest for the first appearance of the genus Equus and last appearance of hipparionine horses. The Roca-Neyra equid sample, re-analyzed herein using morphological, morphometrical, and statistical analyses, has revealed the co-occurrence of Plesiohipparion cf. ?P. rocinantis and Equus cf. E. livenzovensis. The analysis undertaken on several European, African, and Asian “Hipparion” sensu lato species from late Miocene to Early Pleistocene has revealed different remnant Hipparion lineages in the Plio-Pleistocene of Europe: Plesiohipparion, Proboscidippaion, and likely Cremohipparion. The discovery of the first European monodactyl horse, Equus cf. E. livenzovensis correlates Roca-Neyra with other 2.6 Ma European localities in Italy, Spain, and in the Khapry area (Azov Sea region). The morphological description of the Equus cf. E. livenzovensis lower cheek teeth has highlighted intermediate features between the North American Pliocene species Equus simplicidens and Early Pleistocene European Equus stenonis. Our study supports the hypothesis that E. livenzovensis is a plausible evolutionary predecessor for the Equus stenonis group. These observations underscore the importance of Roca-Neyra as an important locality for the last European hipparions and the first Equus in the Early Pleistocene of Europe.

中文翻译：

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Roca-Neyra（法国，中欧）对早更新世马科动物的新见解：对欧洲的 Hipparion LAD 和 Equus FAD 的影响

我们对来自法国 Roca-Neyra 早更新世的 equid 样本进行了重新描述。该地点最近在上新世/更新世边界（2.6±0.2 Ma）进行了校准，因此对该属的首次出现很感兴趣马和最后一次出现的hipparionine马。Roca-Neyra equid 样本，在此使用形态学、形态计量学和统计分析重新分析，揭示了蝶马蹄形参看。?磷.罗西南蒂斯和马参看。乙.活佐文. 对几个欧洲、非洲和亚洲进行的分析“三头马中新世晚期到更新世早期的 sensu lato 物种揭示了不同的遗迹三头马欧洲上更新世的谱系：蝶马蹄形,长鼻，并且可能Cremohipparion. 欧洲第一只单趾马的发现，马参看。乙.活佐文将 Roca-Neyra 与意大利、西班牙和 Khapry 地区（亚速海地区）的其他 2.6 Ma 欧洲地区联系起来。形态学描述马参看。乙.活佐文下颊齿突出了北美上新世物种之间的中间特征简单马和早更新世欧洲窄马. 我们的研究支持以下假设乙.活佐文是一个合理的进化前身窄马团体。这些观察结果强调了罗卡-内拉作为最后一个欧洲三足兽和第一个欧洲三足兽重要产地的重要性。马在欧洲早更新世。