Members of the echinoid order Spatangoida, a highly diverse and abundant marine invertebrate clade, were important denizens of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS), an epicontinental seaway that divided North America in two during an interval of greenhouse conditions between roughly 100 and 65 million years ago. A phylogenetic analysis of spatangoids was conducted using a character matrix of 32 characters from 21 species. Species that occur in the WIS were considered comprehensively, and species from other regions such as South America, Europe, and North Africa were also incorporated into the analysis. Phylogenetic patterns retrieved are largely congruent with preexisting family-level classifications; however, species within several genera, especially Hemiaster and Heteraster, need to be reassigned so that classification better reflects phylogeny. The genera Washitaster and Heteraster are closely related, as are Mecaster, Palhemiaster, and Proraster; Pliotoxaster, Macraster, and Hemiaster; and Micraster and Diplodetus. Biogeographic patterns were also considered using the phylogeny, and several episodes of vicariance and range expansion were identified. These were possibly related to some of the various major episodes of sea-level rise and fall during the Cretaceous. In particular, Valangian–mid-Aptian regressions may have caused vicariance within Heteraster and Washitaster while other early spatangoid vicariance may be related to regressions during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian. Further, vicariance caused by regressions during the mid-Cenomanian–Maastrichtian may have driven diversification within Micraster and Diplodetus. Last, transgressions during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian seem to have spurred prominent range expansions in Mecaster and Hemiaster.

中文翻译：

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一些白垩纪海胆的系统发育和生物地理学，特别强调来自西部内陆航道的分类群

海胆目 Spatangoida 的成员是一种高度多样化和丰富的海洋无脊椎动物进化枝，是白垩纪西部内陆航道 (WIS) 的重要居民，这是一条在大约 100 到 6500 万的温室条件下将北美一分为二的大陆海道几年前。使用来自 21 个物种的 32 个字符的字符矩阵对 spatangoids 进行系统发育分析。WIS中出现的物种被综合考虑，其他地区如南美、欧洲和北非的物种也被纳入分析。检索到的系统发育模式与先前存在的家庭级分类基本一致；然而，几个属内的物种，尤其是海米斯特和异星，需要重新分配，以便分类更好地反映系统发育。属华盛顿特区和异星密切相关，因为麦卡斯特,帕希米斯特， 和普罗斯特;百合虫,麦克拉斯特， 和海米斯特; 和微星和梁龙. 还使用系统发育考虑了生物地理模式，并确定了几次变异和范围扩展。这些可能与白垩纪海平面上升和下降的各种主要事件有关。特别是，Valangian-mid-Aptian 回归可能导致内部的变异异星和华盛顿特区而其他早期的spatangoid vicariance可能与晚期Aptian - 早期Cenomanian的回归有关。此外，Cenomanian-Maastrichtian 中期由回归引起的差异可能推动了内部的多样化微星和梁龙. 最后，在阿普提亚晚期至塞诺曼阶早期的海侵似乎刺激了显着的范围扩张麦卡斯特和海米斯特.