Geologic and climatic processes on modern‐day Mars are heavily influenced by aeolian surface activity, yet the relationship between atmospheric conditions and sediment mobilization is not well understood. The Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) spacecraft is uniquely able to address this issue, due to its joint imaging and continuous high‐frequency meteorological capabilities, which allow for direct comparison between surface activity and atmospheric conditions. Since landing in the volcanic plains of Elysium Planitia, InSight's camera's have recorded intermittent, small‐scale surface changes, including removal of fine material on the lander footpad, linear tracks and localized surface darkening caused by minor dust removal, and surface creep of granules, as presented in Part 1 (Charalambous et al., 2021, this issue). Surface activity is found to correlate well with the timing of abrupt pressure drops (ΔP ∼ 1–9 Pa) and transient wind gusts (v ∼ 14–31 m/s) associated with convective vortex passage. Here we identify the major erosive forces acting on surface particles during these events, including the vertical pressure gradient force at the vortex core and the drag force generated by quickly‐rotating tangential winds. Orbital and ground‐truth data suggest that aeolian activity at InSight's landing site is sporadic under modern climatic conditions. Ongoing aeolian surface modifcation is driven primarily by turbulent vortices that sporadically lift dust and redistribute coarser sediment (i.e., sand and granules) but do not aid in the development of organized aeolian bedforms. Surface erosion is localized within the path these vortices take across the surface which is controlled by seasonally‐reversing background circulation patterns.

中文翻译：

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InSight着陆点上以涡旋为主的风沙活动，第2部分：当地气象，运输动力学和模型分析

现代火星的地质和气候过程受风沙表面活动的严重影响，但是人们对大气条件和沉积物动员之间的关系还知之甚少。使用地震勘测，大地测量和热传输（InSight）航天器进行的内部勘探具有独特的能力，因为它具有联合成像和连续的高频气象功能，可以直接比较地表活动和大气条件。自从降落在Elysium Planitia的火山平原上以来，InSight的摄像头记录了间歇性的小规模表面变化，包括去除着陆器脚垫上的细小物质，线性轨迹以及由于少量除尘而导致的局部表面变黑以及颗粒的表面蠕变，如第1部分（Charalambous等人，2021年，本期）所述。发现表面活性与突然压力下降的时间（ΔP  〜1-9帕）和瞬时阵风（v 〜14–31 m / s）与对流涡旋通过有关。在这里，我们确定了在这些事件中作用在表面颗粒上的主要侵蚀力，包括涡旋核心处的垂直压力梯度力和快速旋转的切向风所产生的阻力。轨道和地面真相数据表明，在现代气候条件下，InSight着陆点的风成活动是零星的。持续的风沙表面变化主要是由湍流涡动驱动的，这些涡流偶发地扬起尘埃并重新分配较粗的沉积物（即沙子和颗粒），但无助于形成有组织的风沙床形。表面侵蚀位于这些涡旋穿过整个表面的路径内，该路径受季节性反转的本底循环模式控制。