Resilience to stress is an adaptive process that varies individually. Resilience refers to the adaptation, or the ability to maintain or regain mental health, despite being subject to adverse situation. Resilience is a dynamic concept that reflects a combination of internal individual factors, including age and gender interacting with external factors such as social, cultural and environmental factors. In the last decade, we have witnessed an increase in the prevalence of anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Given that stress in unavoidable, it is of great interest to understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of resilience, the individual factors that may contribute to susceptibility and promote efficacious approaches to improve resilience. Here, we address this complex question, attempting at defining clear and operational definitions that may allow us to improve our analysis of behavior incorporating individuality. We examine how individual perception of the stressor can alter the outcome of an adverse situation using as an example, the fear-conditioning paradigm and discuss how individual differences in the reward system can contribute to resilience. Given the central role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating fear responses and anxiety, we discuss the evidence that polymorphisms in several molecules of this signaling system contribute to different anxiety phenotypes. The endocannabinoid system is highly interconnected with the serotoninergic and dopaminergic modulatory systems, contributing to individual differences in stress perception and coping mechanisms. We review how the individual variability in these modulatory systems can be used towards a multivariable assessment of stress risk. Incorporating individuality in our research will allow us to define biomarkers of anxiety disorders as well as assess prognosis, towards a personalized clinical approach to mental health.

对压力的适应力是一个因人而异的适应过程。复原力是指适应，或在不利情况下保持或恢复心理健康的能力。弹性是一个动态概念，它反映了内部个体因素的组合，包括年龄和性别与外部因素（如社会、文化和环境因素）的相互作用。在过去十年中，我们目睹了包括创伤后应激障碍在内的焦虑症患病率的增加。鉴于压力不可避免，了解弹性的神经生理机制、可能导致易感性的个体因素和促进提高弹性的有效方法非常有趣。在这里，我们解决这个复杂的问题，尝试定义清晰且可操作的定义，这可能使我们能够改进对包含个性的行为的分析。我们以恐惧调节范式为例，研究个体对压力源的感知如何改变不利情况的结果，并讨论奖励系统中的个体差异如何有助于恢复力。鉴于内源性大麻素系统在调节恐惧反应和焦虑方面的核心作用，我们讨论了该信号系统的几个分子中的多态性导致不同焦虑表型的证据。内源性大麻素系统与血清素能和多巴胺能调节系统高度相关，导致压力感知和应对机制的个体差异。我们回顾了这些调节系统中的个体差异如何用于压力风险的多变量评估。在我们的研究中结合个性将使我们能够定义焦虑症的生物标志物并评估预后，以实现个性化的心理健康临床方法。