Abstract Differing estimates have emerged about how much land or water area is used by existing wind farms and how much power can be obtained from that area. Whereas, no single unique method exists to define wind farm spacing area, the spacing area (thus installed and output power densities) of a wind farm can be determined in a way to meet specific logical criteria, This study proposes a new, intuitive, data based, automatized method of estimating spacing areas occupied by existing onshore and offshore wind farms worldwide. The method eliminates the erroneous counting of space outside of wind farm boundaries, space between clusters of turbines, and overlapping space that results when assuming a large fixed area around each turbine. At least one of three types of extra space has incorrectly been included in all calculations of wind farm areas to date. Unlike most previous methods, this method also ensures that the addition of a wind turbine to a farm increases the overall required spacing area of the farm. The study then uses data from over 1600 operating wind turbines in 16 onshore and 7 offshore wind farms in 13 countries across 5 continents during the period 2016–2018 to quantify installed and output power densities of these farms. Finally, it compares results with estimates from other studies. Results indicate that the mean (range) installed and output power densities of onshore wind farms in Europe are 19.8 (6.2–46.9) MW/km2 and 6.64 (2.3–8.2) W/m2, respectively; of onshore wind farms outside of Europe are similarly 20.5 (16.5–48) MW/km2 and 6.84 (4.81–11.2) W/m2, respectively; and of offshore wind farms in Europe are 7.2 (3.3–20.2) MW/km2 and 2.94 (1.15–6.32) W/m2, respectively. The mean capacity factors in each case are thus 33.5%, 33.4%, and 40.8%, respectively. These results indicate substantially higher installed and output power densities than previously reported, based simply on different definitions of land area, with no impact on capacity factor. Thus, existing wind turbines may extract more wind power over less land or water than previously thought.

中文翻译：

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全球陆上和海上风力发电机装机和输出功率密度数据调查

摘要 关于现有风电场使用了多少土地或水域面积以及可以从该地区获得多少电力，出现了不同的估计。鉴于不存在定义风电场间距区域的单一独特方法，风电场的间距区域（因此安装和输出功率密度）可以通过满足特定逻辑标准的方式确定，本研究提出了一种新的、直观的、数据一种基于自动化的方法，用于估算全球现有陆上和海上风电场占用的间距区域。该方法消除了对风电场边界外的空间、涡轮机集群之间的空间以及假设每个涡轮机周围有大的固定区域时产生的重叠空间的错误计数。迄今为止，风电场面积的所有计算中至少错误地包括了三种类型的额外空间中的一种。与大多数以前的方法不同，这种方法还确保将风力涡轮机添加到农场增加了农场所需的总体间距面积。然后，该研究使用来自 2016-2018 年期间 5 大洲 13 个国家的 16 个陆上风电场和 7 个海上风电场的 1600 多台运行中的风力涡轮机的数据来量化这些风电场的安装和输出功率密度。最后，它将结果与其他研究的估计值进行比较。结果表明，欧洲陆上风电场的平均（范围）装机和输出功率密度分别为 19.8 (6.2–46.9) MW/km2 和 6.64 (2.3–8.2) W/m2；欧洲以外的陆上风电场同样为 20.5 (16.5–48) MW/km2 和 6.84 (4.81–11.2) W/m2，分别; 和欧洲海上风电场分别为 7.2 (3.3–20.2) MW/km2 和 2.94 (1.15–6.32) W/m2。因此，每种情况下的平均容量因子分别为 33.5%、33.4% 和 40.8%。这些结果表明安装和输出功率密度比以前报告的要高得多，这仅仅是基于土地面积的不同定义，对容量因子没有影响。因此，现有的风力涡轮机可以在比以前认为的更少的土地或水中提取更多的风力。仅基于土地面积的不同定义，对容量因子没有影响。因此，现有的风力涡轮机可以在比以前认为的更少的土地或水中提取更多的风能。仅基于土地面积的不同定义，对容量因子没有影响。因此，现有的风力涡轮机可以在比以前认为的更少的土地或水中提取更多的风能。