Abstract Trade-offs between life-history traits are common in plants, and those involving growth and reproduction may be evident during mast years. The nutlike seeds of the stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) stand out among the most appreciated Mediterranean forest products, but its lengthy reproductive cycle makes the identification of masting mechanisms challenging. In the Spanish Northern Plateau, stone pine woodlands are managed as multifunctional forests. Here, we investigated whether timber and nut production are compatible goals in the region. Temporal ring-width and cone yield patterns were characterised in five monospecific stands since 1960. At tree level, we found an equivalent allocation of resources to reproductive and non-reproductive (aboveground) biomass for an average year, but harvest index exceeded 80% during mast years. These large yields, however, did not impose a penalty on aboveground biomass increment. Regionally, we reported a slightly larger magnitude of high-frequency synchronous growth (â = 0.50) compared with that of reproduction (â = 0.42), which is important to contextualise the ecological and economical relevance of masting for the species. By investigating growth-yield interannual dynamics, we found that both traits were strongly and positively correlated, although with a 3-year lag. Therefore, years favouring a high growth coincided with large conelet emergences leading to abundant seed rains to occur three years later, which pointed to key environmental drivers common to both traits. Actually, radial growth and reproduction partly responded to the same climate factors, with climate three years before seed rain being related to masting in a similar way as it was related to ring-width of this same year. Our results provide evidence for the proposed link between masting and growth, and suggest that resources are not diverted from growth during cone filling in stone pine. We conclude that timber production and nut production are perfectly compatible in this species.

中文翻译：

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天气是石松中桅杆和茎生长变化的主要驱动因素，支持兼容的木材和坚果联合生产

摘要 生命史特征之间的权衡在植物中很常见，在肥大年期间，涉及生长和繁殖的权衡可能很明显。石松 (Pinus pinea L.) 的坚果状种子在最受赞赏的地中海林产品中脱颖而出，但其漫长的繁殖周期使得对桅杆机制的识别具有挑战性。在西班牙北部高原，石松林作为多功能森林进行管理。在这里，我们调查了木材和坚果生产是否是该地区的兼容目标。自 1960 年以来，五个单种林分的时间环宽和锥体产量模式被表征。在树水平上，我们发现平均每年资源分配给繁殖和非繁殖（地上）生物量，但收获指数超过 80%桅杆年。然而，这些大产量并没有对地上生物量增加施加惩罚。在区域上，我们报告的高频同步增长 (â = 0.50) 与繁殖 (â = 0.42) 相比略大，这对于将物种桅杆的生态和经济相关性置于背景中很重要。通过调查增长-产量的年际动态，我们发现这两个性状强烈且正相关，尽管有 3 年的滞后。因此，有利于高增长的年份恰逢大锥体出现，导致三年后出现大量种子雨，这表明这两种特性共有的关键环境驱动因素。实际上，径向生长和繁殖部分响应了相同的气候因素，种雨前三年的气候与桅杆的关系与同年环宽的关系相似。我们的结果为所提出的桅杆和生长之间的联系提供了证据，并表明在石松锥体填充期间资源不会从生长中转移。我们得出结论，木材生产和坚果生产在该物种中完全兼容。