ABSTRACT Increasing atheism, or the view that there is no God, is a major trend affecting the Western religious landscape. Scholarly interest in atheists has grown together with their number, but unanswered questions abound. In this study, we present survey data (N = 758) collected from deconverted and lifelong atheists in four countries (Australia, Finland, Germany, and Norway), and investigate the relationships between deconversion, religious identity, spiritual identity, and interreligious attitudes. We show that retaining a low level of religious or spiritual identity is more typical for deconverts than life-long atheists. Furthermore, we demonstrate that higher religious or spiritual identity among deconverts is associated with more positive attitudes toward different religious groups (national religious majority, religious minorities in general, and Muslims specifically).

中文翻译：

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退信的和终生无神论者对宗教团体的态度：宗教和精神身份的作用

摘要 日益增长的无神论或无神论是影响西方宗教格局的主要趋势。学术界对无神论者的兴趣随着他们人数的增加而增长，但悬而未决的问题比比皆是。在这项研究中，我们展示了从四个国家（澳大利亚、芬兰、德国和挪威）的退信和终生无神论者那里收集的调查数据（N = 758），并调查了退信、宗教认同、精神认同和跨宗教态度之间的关系。我们表明，与终生无神论者相比，保持低水平的宗教或精神身份对于去皈依者来说更为典型。此外，我们还证明，皈依者中较高的宗教或精神认同与对不同宗教团体（民族宗教多数，