Mental representations of the “self” consist of both individual aspects (i.e., how one differs from other people) and collective aspects (i.e., how one relates to other people), with collective aspects further consisting of interpersonal relations (the “relational” self) and of memberships in social groups (the “group collective” self). Some researchers assume that there is a universal motivational hierarchy in self-representations (with the relational self being more relevant than the group collective self). Other research suggests that the relative importance of self-representations varies across cultures. This paper tests the motivational hierarchy hypothesis in a cross-cultural context. Emotional reactions (anger, outrage, vengeful intentions) to observed victimization of a collective or relational group member were assessed in Germany, Japan, and the USA. In line with the motivational hierarchy hypothesis, we found, across all three countries, evidence for the primacy of the relational self over the group collective self.

中文翻译：

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跨文化对观察到的受害者的关系和群体集体自我反应

“自我”的心理表征既包括个人方面（即，人与其他人的区别）又包括集体方面（即，人与其他人的关系），而集体方面还包括人际关系（“关系”自我） ）和社会团体的成员资格（“集体集体”自我）。一些研究者认为自我表示中存在普遍的动机等级（关系自我比集体集体自我更重要）。其他研究表明，自我代表的相对重要性因文化而异。本文在跨文化背景下检验了动机等级假说。在德国，日本，评估了对观察到的集体或关系团体成员受害的情绪反应（愤怒，愤怒，报复意图），和美国。根据动机等级假说，我们在所有三个国家中发现了关系自我在群体集体自我之上的首要证据。