Disruptive experiences are opportunities for learning, yet, people often resist them. This tendency is evident in individual experience, organizational behavior, and denialist discourses. Research has been hampered by conceptualizing this defensiveness in terms of unconscious defense mechanisms or underlying cognitive processes. In contrast, I conceptualize defensiveness in terms of observable defensive tactics, namely, the actions and utterances that are used to resist disruptive meanings. I introduce the analogy of the semantic immune system to conceptualize three layers of defensive tactics: avoiding, delegitimizing, and limiting the impact of disruptive meanings. Defensive tactics are cultural–historical creations that, like the immune system, have adapted over time to neutralize disruptive meanings. I use this tripartite conceptualization to review the fragmented literature on defensive tactics. The observability of these tactics gives centrality to the audience who either calls out or does not call out the use of defensive tactics—questioning or implicitly supporting the legitimacy of the defended views. The vigilance of the audience pushes the tactics toward increasingly subtle forms that seek to pass undetected. Reconceptualizing defensiveness in terms of observable tactics reveals the importance of the audience and opens these tactics up to empirical research, calling upon researchers to identify the increasingly subtle ways in which learning through dialogue is inhibited.

中文翻译：

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学习门槛下的破坏性，自我介绍和防御策略

破坏性的经历是学习的机会，但是，人们经常抵制它们。这种趋势在个人经验，组织行为和反对主义的话语中很明显。通过无意识的防御机制或潜在的认知过程将这种防御性概念化，阻碍了研究的进行。相比之下，我从可观察到的防御策略（即用来抵制破坏性含义的动作和话语）的角度来概念化防御。我介绍了语义免疫系统的类比，以将防御策略的三层概念化：避免，合法化和限制破坏性含义的影响。防御策略是文化-历史的创造，就像免疫系统一样，随着时间的流逝已经适应了破坏性含义。我使用这种三方性的概念化来回顾关于防御战术的零散文献。这些策略的可观察性为要求或不要求使用防御性策略的听众提供了中心性-质疑或暗中支持被捍卫观点的合法性。观众的警惕将策略推向越来越微妙的形式，试图通过未被发现的方式。用可观察的策略对防御性进行重新概念化，可以揭示受众的重要性，并将这些策略开放给实证研究，呼吁研究人员找出抑制通过对话学习的日益微妙的方法。这些策略的可观察性为要求或不要求使用防御性策略的听众提供了中心性-质疑或暗中支持被捍卫观点的合法性。观众的警惕将策略推向越来越微妙的形式，试图通过未被发现的方式。用可观察的策略对防御性进行重新概念化，可以揭示受众的重要性，并将这些策略开放给实证研究，呼吁研究人员找出抑制通过对话学习的日益微妙的方法。这些策略的可观察性为要求或不要求使用防御性策略的听众提供了中心性-质疑或暗中支持被捍卫观点的合法性。观众的警惕将策略推向越来越微妙的形式，试图通过未被发现的方式。用可观察的策略对防御性进行重新概念化，可以揭示受众的重要性，并将这些策略开放给实证研究，呼吁研究人员找出抑制通过对话学习的日益微妙的方法。