Although violation of gender norms has been discussed as a fundamental component of and underlying foundation for anti-queer discrimination, less research has directly attended to how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals interpret the role of gender expression in discriminatory experiences. Based upon a racially diverse national sample of 138 cisgender and transgender LGBQ individuals, I discuss results from a content and thematic analysis of discrimination narratives. Findings reveal the centrality of gender expression—how one embodies masculinity and femininity—within participant stories. While gender expression was central to meaning-making among all participants, the type of discrimination experienced and participants’ interpretation of the events depended on whether their gender expression “revealed” or “concealed” their queerness. Race and gender identity also informed participants’ interpretations, underscoring the need for greater attention to how gender norm expectations are racialized and cisnormative. These findings challenge the conceptualization of sexual orientation as an “invisible” identity and the notion of “passing” (i.e., being perceived as straight) as a uniform privilege for some LGBQ individuals. Instead, these results situate the perception of sexual orientation as context-dependent and highlight the need for advocacy efforts that identify and challenge strict gender ideologies, in particular gender binaries.

中文翻译：

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性别问题：性别表达在歧视顺性别和跨性别 LGBQ 个人中的感知作用

尽管违反性别规范已被讨论为反酷儿歧视的基本组成部分和潜在基础，但很少有研究直接关注女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和酷儿 (LGBQ) 个体如何解释性别表达在歧视经历中的作用. 基于 138 名顺性别和跨性别 LGBQ 个人的种族多元化全国样本，我讨论了歧视叙事的内容和主题分析的结果。调查结果揭示了性别表达的中心地位——一个人如何体现男性气质和女性气质——在参与者的故事中。虽然性别表达是所有参与者意义建构的核心，所经历的歧视类型和参与者对事件的解释取决于他们的性别表达是“揭示”还是“隐藏”了他们的酷儿。种族和性别认同也影响了参与者的解释，强调需要更多地关注性别规范期望如何被种族化和顺从。这些发现挑战了将性取向视为“隐形”身份的概念，以及将“过客”（即被视为异性恋）作为某些 LGBQ 个人的统一特权的概念。相反，这些结果将性取向的看法视为依赖于上下文，并强调了识别和挑战严格的性别意识形态，特别是性别二元论的倡导工作的必要性。强调需要更多地关注性别规范期望如何被种族化和顺从。这些发现挑战了将性取向视为“隐形”身份的概念，以及将“过客”（即被视为异性恋）作为某些 LGBQ 个人的统一特权的概念。相反，这些结果将性取向的看法视为依赖于上下文，并强调了识别和挑战严格的性别意识形态，特别是性别二元论的倡导工作的必要性。强调需要更多地关注性别规范期望如何被种族化和顺从。这些发现挑战了将性取向视为“隐形”身份的概念，以及将“通过”（即被视为异性恋）作为某些 LGBQ 个人的统一特权的概念。相反，这些结果将性取向的看法视为依赖于上下文，并强调了识别和挑战严格的性别意识形态，特别是性别二元论的倡导工作的必要性。