Leadership emergence theory discusses two pathways to leadership emergence—achievement (i.e. leaders’ behaviors) and ascription (i.e. leaders’ traits). Drawing from multilevel leadership emergence theory (Acton, Foti, Lord, & Gladfelter, 2019) which suggests that context influences the saliency of leadership emergence antecedents, our study simultaneously examined the incremental and relative importance of achievement and ascription antecedents to leadership emergence in contexts of low, medium, and high virtuality. In two independent samples—a laboratory experiment involving 86 teams (n = 340; sample one) and a semester long project involving 134 teams (n = 430; sample two)—we found that in low virtuality contexts, ascription factors accounted for incremental variance over achievement factors in predicting leadership emergence, and had larger relative importance. Conversely, in high virtuality contexts, achievement factors accounted for incremental variance over ascription factors in predicting leadership emergence, and had larger relative importance. Findings in medium virtuality contexts were mixed as achievement and ascription factors played relatively equal roles in the prediction of leadership emergence. Analyses employing other ratings of ascription (i.e. other-rated personality) found that a larger proportion of variance in leadership emergence was explained by other ratings than by self-ratings across all virtuality configurations.

领导涌现理论讨论了领导涌现的两种途径——成就（即领导者的行为）和归因（即领导者的特质）。借鉴多层次领导涌现理论（Acton、Foti、Lord 和 Gladfelter，2019 年），该理论表明背景会影响领导涌现前因的显着性，我们的研究同时考察了成就和归属前因对领导涌现的增量和相对重要性。低、中、高虚拟化。在两个独立样本中——一个涉及 86 个团队的实验室实验（n  = 340；样本一个）和一个涉及 134 个团队的学期项目（n = 430; 样本二）——我们发现，在低虚拟环境中，归属因素在预测领导力出现方面占成就因素的增量方差，并且具有更大的相对重要性。相反，在高虚拟环境中，成就因素在预测领导力涌现方面比归因因素占增量方差，并且具有更大的相对重要性。由于成就和归属因素在预测领导力涌现中的作用相对相同，因此中等虚拟环境中的研究结果喜忧参半。使用其他归因评级（即其他评级人格）的分析发现，在所有虚拟性配置中，领导力涌现的更大比例的差异是由其他评级而非自我评级解释的。