We examined two forms of social exclusion toward Afro-Brazilians commonly found in the United States, ostracism and racial microaggressions. We utilized a mixed-method (quantitative-experimental and qualitative) approach to investigate ostracism and a qualitative focus group approach to study racial microaggressions. In Study 1 (n = 29), we experimentally investigated ostracism through a recall paradigm in which participants wrote about being either included or ostracized. An independent t test showed that participants in the ostracized condition reported significantly worse psychological outcomes than those in the included condition (p < .001). We coded participants’ written responses by whether they included attributions of racial bias by experimental condition. A Pearson chi-square analysis (p = .017) revealed that racial bias was mentioned in 75% of the cases in the ostracized condition. Studies 2a and 2b (ns = 6 and 8, respectively) consisted of two focus groups in different regions of Brazil that asked participants about their experiences with racial microaggressions. We found similarities to previous microaggression categories identified in the United States, extending our understanding of how microaggressions evoke feelings of social exclusion, which also occur when someone is ostracized.

中文翻译：

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调查对非裔巴西人的排斥和种族微侵略

我们研究了在美国常见的对非裔巴西人的两种社会排斥形式，即排斥和种族微侵略。我们使用混合方法（定量-实验和定性）方法来调查排斥现象，并使用定性焦点小组方法来研究种族微侵略。在研究 1 (n = 29) 中，我们通过回忆范式实验性地调查了排斥现象，其中参与者写下了被包括或被排斥的情况。一项独立的 t 检验表明，处于排斥状态的参与者报告的心理结果明显比处于包含状态的参与者更差 (p < .001)。我们根据参与者的书面回答是否包括实验条件下的种族偏见归因进行编码。Pearson 卡方分析 (p = . 017) 透露，在被排斥的情况下，75% 的案例中提到了种族偏见。研究 2a 和 2b（分别为 ns = 6 和 8）由巴西不同地区的两个焦点小组组成，他们向参与者询问他们在种族微侵略方面的经历。我们发现了与之前在美国确定的微攻击类别的相似之处，扩展了我们对微攻击如何引起社会排斥感的理解，当有人被排斥时也会发生这种情况。