Introduction

Empathy consists of a cognitive and an affective component, of which it is thought that there are gender differences. Previous studies also suggest that maternal and paternal support play a more prominent role in the development of an adolescent's affective and cognitive empathy, respectively. Besides the environmental factor, that is parenting, adolescent personality, and more specifically, agreeableness, is closely linked to both empathy and support, but this interplay was not extensively investigated longitudinally. The present study investigated the transactional associations among parental support, adolescent agreeableness, and adolescent empathy. More specifically, we examined (a) whether maternal/paternal support is differentially associated with cognitive/affective empathy, while taking into account adolescent agreeableness and (b) whether adolescent agreeableness still predicts empathy, while taking into account parental support.

Methods

Data from 993 Belgian adolescents (M_ageT1 = 13.96 years; [12.6–18.4]) and their parents across four time points were used in a random intercept cross-lagged panel model.

Results

At the between-person level, maternal support was associated with affective, but not cognitive empathy, whereas agreeableness was associated with maternal and paternal support as well as with both types of empathy. At the within-person level, affective empathy predicted cognitive empathy one wave later.

Conclusions

At a population level, agreeableness and support are both important in adolescent empathy development with limited evidence for the differential roles of mothers and fathers. Within participants, affective empathy, and not parental support or agreeableness, predicted cognitive empathy.

中文翻译：

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观点观点，同理心，友好和父母支持：青春期的交易关联

介绍

移情由认知和情感组成，认为其中存在性别差异。先前的研究还表明，母亲和父亲的支持分别在青少年的情感和认知移情的发展中起着更加重要的作用。除了环境因素，即父母的养育，青少年的性格，更具体地说是和agree可亲性，都与同情和支持密切相关，但是这种相互作用并未得到纵向的广泛研究。本研究调查了父母支持，青少年的同意和青少年的共情之间的交易联系。更具体地说，我们研究了（a）母体/父亲的支持是否与认知/情感移情有差异，

方法

来自993个比利时青少年（M _ageT1  = 13.96岁； [12.6-18.4]）及其父母的四个时间点的数据用于随机截距交叉滞后面板模型。

结果

在人与人之间，母亲的支持与情感的移情有关，但与认知的移情无关，而好感与母亲和父亲的支持以及两种移情有关。在人际层面上，情感共情在一波后预测了认知共情。

结论

在人口水平上，在青少年移情发展中，可取性和支持都很重要，而关于母亲和父亲所起的不同作用的证据有限。在参与者内部，情感共情而不是父母的支持或认同感预示着认知共情。