ABSTRACT

Judgment and decision making in sporting officials is a challenging task that involves the use of context. Although process models of decision making describe decision contexts, none of the existing models explains when sports officials use rule-driven decision making, or game management. The basic idea of our work is that referees use a subjective threshold to apply game management, which may explain this decision behavior. We propose a new dynamic threshold model that is based on concepts derived from Decision Field Theory. The model includes two thresholds of game management (high/low) and two contact situations (foul/no foul) as approaching one of these thresholds. Using the example of soccer refereeing, we argue that if the game hits a subjective threshold of aggressive play, then the referee shifts from applying the rules to managing the game. This new approach changes the scientific discussion from one focused on what referees should decide in one situation or the other, to a dynamic model that explains the basic psychological mechanism underlying the referee’s change in behavior during the game, both at the intra-individual as well as inter-individual level.

摘要

体育官员的判断和决策是一项具有挑战性的任务，涉及上下文的使用。尽管决策的过程模型描述了决策上下文，但现有模型都没有解释体育官员何时使用规则驱动的决策或游戏管理。我们工作的基本思想是裁判使用主观阈值来应用游戏管理，这可以解释这种决策行为。我们提出了一种新的动态阈值模型，该模型基于决策场理论中的概念。该模型包括游戏管理的两个阈值（高/低）和接近这些阈值之一的两种接触情况（犯规/无犯规）。以足球裁判为例，我们认为如果比赛达到了侵略性比赛的主观阈值，然后裁判从应用规则转变为管理比赛。这种新方法将科学讨论从关注裁判在一种情况或另一种情况下应该决定什么的科学讨论转变为一种动态模型，该模型解释了裁判在比赛期间行为变化的基本心理机制，无论是在个人内部还是在个人内部作为个人层面。